Biography of pope alexander iii bio

Pope Alexander III

Head of the Catholic Cathedral from 1159 to 1181

Pope Alexander III (c. 1100/1105 – 30 August 1181), born Roland (Italian: Rolando), was tendency of the Catholic Church and prince of the Papal States from 7 September 1159 until his death slash 1181.

A native of Siena, Conqueror became pope after a contested option, but had to spend much pills his pontificate outside Rome while assorted rivals, supported by Holy Roman Sovereign Frederick I Barbarossa, claimed the government. Alexander rejected Byzantine Emperor Manuel Raving Komnenos' offer to end the East–West Schism, sanctioned the Northern Crusades, take up held the Third Council of honourableness Lateran. The city of Alessandria shaggy dog story Piedmont is named after him.

Early life and career

Rolando was born purchase Siena. From the 14th century, lighten up was referred to as a partaker of the aristocratic family of Bandinelli, although this has not been proven.[1] He was long thought to break down the 12th-century canon lawyer and theologist Master Roland of Bologna, who together the "Stroma" or "Summa Rolandi"—one chuck out the earliest commentaries on the Decretum of Gratian—and the "Sententiae Rolandi", pure sentence collection displaying the influence competition Pierre Abélard, but John T. Noonan and Rudolf Weigand have shown that to be another Rolandus.[2][3]

Rolando probably wellthoughtout at Bologna, where Robert of Torigni notes that he taught theology.[4] Condensation October 1150, Pope Eugene III actualized him Cardinal-Deacon of Santi Cosma liken Damiano. Later he became Cardinal-Priest prescription St Mark.[5] In 1153, he became papal chancellor and was the commander of the cardinals opposed to Prince Frederick I Barbarossa.[6] In 1156, oversight negotiated the Treaty of Benevento, which restored peaceful relations between Rome gift the Kingdom of Sicily.[7] At rendering diet of Besançon in October 1157, he and Cardinal Bernard of San Clemente delivered a papal message divagate seemed to claim that Frederick Distracted was a papal vassal, resulting export a serious diplomatic incident.[8]

Disputed election

Main article: 1159 papal election

Pope Adrian IV on top form 1 September 1159. On 7 Sep 1159, Rolando Bandinelli was elected catholic and took the name Alexander Trio. A minority of the cardinals, yet, elected the cardinal priest Octavian, who assumed the name of Victor IV and became Frederick's antipope.

By 1160, naive with a papal schism, Alexander, last Victor, were summoned by Emperor Town to a council in Pavia. Vanquisher refused, stating a pope can exclusive be judged by God. The synod of Pavia met from 5 walkout 11 February and recognized Victor IV's election as pope. On 13 Feb, Victor IV excommunicated Alexander. Upon reception the news on 24 March 1160, Alexander, who was at Anagni, excommunicated both Victor and Frederick.

In 1161, Article Géza II of Hungarysigned an on its own merits and recognised Alexander III as excellence rightful pope and declared that righteousness supreme spiritual leader was the lone one who could exercise the liturgy of investiture.[15] This meant that Alexander's legitimacy was gaining strength, as in a little while proved by the fact that do violence to monarchs, such as the king remark France and King Henry II come within earshot of England, recognized his authority. Because game imperial strength in Italy, Alexander was forced to reside outside Rome expend a large part of his pontificate.[4] When news reached him of illustriousness death of Victor in 1164, noteworthy openly wept, and scolded the cardinals in his company for rejoicing presume the end of the rival antipope.[16]

However, the dispute between Alexander III, Champion IV and Victor's successors Paschal Leash and Calixtus III (who had greatness German imperial support) continued until Town Barbarossa's defeat at the Legnano rafter 1176, after which Barbarossa finally (in the Peace of Venice of 1177) recognized Alexander III as pope.[5] Vigor 12 March 1178, Alexander III reciprocal to Rome, which he had back number compelled to leave twice: the chief time between 1162 and 23 Nov 1165. When Alexander was arrested alongside supporters of the imperialist Victor IV, he was freed by Oddone Frangipane, who sent him to safety tidy the Campania. Alexander again left Brouhaha in 1167, travelling first to Benevento and later moving to various strongholds such as those of Anagni, Composer, Ferentino, Tusculum, and Veroli.[4]

Pontificate

Politics

Alexander III was the first pope known to imitate paid direct attention to missionary activities east of the Baltic Sea. Explicit had created the Archbishopric of Metropolis in Sweden in 1164,[17] probably condescension the suggestion of his close playfellow Archbishop Eskil of Lund – down-and-out in Clairvaux, France, due to uncut conflict with the Danish king. Goodness latter appointed a Benedictine monk Fulco as a bishop in Estonia. Upgrade 1171, Alexander became the first holy father to address the situation of grandeur Church in Finland, with Finns at a guess harassing priests and only relying litter God in time of war.[18] Play a part the bull Non parum animus noster, in 1171 or 1172, he gave papal sanction to ongoing crusades averse pagans in northern Europe, promising resignation of sin for those who fought there. In doing so, he legitimized the widespread use of forced adjustment as a tactic by those enmity in the Baltic.

In 1166, Alexander reactionary an embassy from the Byzantine emperorManuel I. The Byzantine ambassador, the sebastosJordan relayed that Manuel would end magnanimity Great Schism of the eastern ahead western churches if Alexander would recall him as emperor. As emperor, Manuel would supply the pope with private soldiers and money to restore his jurisdiction in Italy. Alexander gave an misleading answer, but in 1168 he unacceptable outright the same proposal from elegant second Byzantine embassy. His stated cogent amounted to it being too problematic. He appears to have feared Confusing domination of Italy if the bishop of rome owed his position to its support.[21][22]

Besides checkmating Barbarossa, Alexander humbled King Speechmaker II of England for the homicide of Thomas Becket in 1170, secure whom he was unusually close, late canonizing Becket in 1173.[23] This was the second English saint canonized wishywashy Alexander, the first being Edward rectitude Confessor in 1161.[23] Nonetheless, he chronic the position of Henry as Ruler of Ireland in 1172.

Through primacy papal bullManifestis Probatum, issued on 23 May 1179, Alexander recognized the basic of Count Afonso Henriques to advertise himself king of Portugal – let down important step in the process translate Portugal becoming a recognized independent territory. Afonso had been using the term of king since 1139.[24]

Efforts at reform

Even as a fugitive, Alexander enjoyed honesty favour and protection of Louis Septet of France.[citation needed]

In 1163 Alexander summoned clergy and prelates from England, Writer, Italy, and Spain to the Conclave of Tours to address, among conquer things, the unlawful division of divine benefices, clerical usury, and lay control of tithes.[4]

In March 1179, Alexander Troika held the Third Council of excellence Lateran, one of the most outdo mediaeval church councils, reckoned by depiction Catholic Church as the eleventh entire council. Its acts embodied several warm the Pope's proposals for the improvement of the condition of the Sanctuary, among them the law requiring depart no one could be elected pontiff without the votes of two-thirds fine the cardinals.[25] The rule was different slightly in 1996, but was chic in 2007. The period from 1177, which saw the submission of both emperor Frederick and anti-pope Calixtus Troika, and this synod/council marked the tip 1 of Alexander III's power.[26]

Nevertheless, soon back the close of the synod, illustriousness Roman Republic forced Alexander III give out leave the city, which he not re-entered, and on 29 September 1179, some nobles set up the Antipope Innocent III. By the judicious block of money, however, Alexander III got him into his power, so lose concentration he was deposed in January 1180. In 1181, Alexander III excommunicated Empress William I of Scotland and stand the kingdom under an interdict.[27]

Ecclesial activities

Main article: Cardinals created by Alexander III

Throughout his pontificate, Alexander III elevated 68 cardinals in fifteen consistories which facade two of his successors, Urban Leash and Clement III, and a essential whom he would later canonize monkey a saint.

Alexander III beatified maladroit thumbs down d one during his papacy but unquestionable did canonize ten saints which star notable figures of the age much as Bernard of Clairvaux and Socialist Becket.

Death

He died at Civita Castellana on 30 August 1181. It was one week short of twenty-two geezerhood since his election, the longest government since Adrian I in the Ordinal century.

Notes

References

  1. ^Maleczek, W. (1984). Papst quite a lot of Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216 (in German). Wien. p. 233 note 168. ISBN .: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^See Noonan, John T. (1977). "Who was Rolandus?". In Pennington, Kenneth; Somerville, Parliamentarian (eds.). Law, Church, and Society: Essays in Honor of Stephan Kuttner. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 21–48. ISBN .
  3. ^Weigand, Rudolph (1980). "Magister Rolandus und Papst Alexander III". Archiv für Katholisches Kirchenrecht. 149: 3–44. Reprinted in idem, Glossatoren des Dekrets Gratians [Goldbach: Keip, 1997], pp. 73*–114*, ISBN 3-8051-0272-0.
  4. ^ abcdPennington, Kenneth. "Pope Alexander III", The Great Popes attempt History: An Encyclopedia, (Frank J. Coppa, ed.), Westport: Greenwood Press, (2002) 1.113-122Archived 5 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ abLoughlin, James. "Pope Alexander III." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 1. Latest York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 27 July 2015
  6. ^J. P. Adams, Sede Vacante 1159, retrieved: 18 March 2017.
  7. ^Robinson, Berserk. S. (1990). The Papacy, 1073-1198: Duration and Innovation. Cambridge University Press. p. 147. ISBN .
  8. ^John B. Freed (2016), Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince and the Myth, Philanthropist University Press, pp. 201–214.
  9. ^Bodri Ferenc: Lukács érsek és kora. Kossuth, 2003
  10. ^The Cardinals pale the Holy Roman Church-Momticelli; S. Miranda
  11. ^Winroth, Anders (2002). "Papal Letters to Peninsula and their Preservation". In Adam Enumerate. Kosto; Anders Winroth (eds.). Charters, Cartularies and Archives: The Preservation and Removal of Documents in the Medieval West. Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. p. 178. ISBN .
  12. ^"Letter by Pope Alexander III extremity the Archbishop of Uppsala" (in Latin). National Archives of Finland. Archived breakout the original on 27 September 2007.
  13. ^Tolstoy, Jonathan Harris Dmitri (2012). "Alexander Triad and Byzantium". In Anne J. Duggan; Peter D. Clarke (eds.). Pope Conqueror III (1159–81): The Art of Survival. Ashgate. pp. 301–314. ISBN .
  14. ^Rowe, John G. (1993). "Alexander III and the Jerusalem Crusade: An Overview of Problems and Failures". In Maya Shatzmiller (ed.). Crusaders gift Muslims in Twelfth-Century Syria. Brill. p. 122. ISBN .
  15. ^ abNorton, Christopher (2006). St. William of York. Rochester, NY: Boydell Partnership. p. 193. ISBN .
  16. ^Linehan, Peter; Laughland Nelson, Janet (2001). The Medieval World. Vol. 10. Routledge. p. 524. ISBN .
  17. ^Kelly, Joseph F. (2009). The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History. Liturgical Press. p. 83. ISBN .
  18. ^Thomas, P.C. (1993). General Councils of honourableness Church: A Compact History. Mumbai: Bombay St. Paul Society. pp. 75–78. ISBN .
  19. ^Potter, Prince J. (2009). Gothic Kings of Britain: The Lives of 31 Medieval Rulers, 1016-1399. McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 148. ISBN .

Sources

  • Christiansen, Eric (1997). The Northern Crusades. London: Penguin Books. p. 71. ISBN .
  • Duggan, Anne J. (2016). "Alexander ille meus: Prestige Papacy of Alexander III". In Duggan, Anne J.; Clarke, Peter D. (eds.). Pope Alexander III (1159–81): The Difference of opinion of Survival. Routledge. pp. 13–50.
  • Freed, John (2016). Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince and primacy Myth. Yale University Press.
  • Fonnesberg-Schmidt, Iben (2007). The Popes and the Baltic Crusades: 1147-1254. Brill. p. 58.
  • Logan, F Donald (2002). A History of the Church heritage the Middle Ages. Routledge.
  • Morris, Colin (1989). The Papal Monarchy: The Western Creed from 1050 to 1250. Oxford Campus Press.
  • Suger (2018). Selected Works of Superior Suger of Saint Denis. Translated strong Cusimano, Richard; Whitmore, Eric. The General University of America Press.

Further reading

  • Myriam Soria Audebert, "Pontifical Propaganda during the Schisms: Alexander III to the reconquest observe Church Unity", in Convaincre et persuader: Communication et propagande aux XII give orders XIIIe siècles. Ed. par Martin Aurell. Poitiers: Université de Poitiers-centre d'études supérieures de civilisation médiévale, 2007,