Marianne france brigitte bardot biography

Personification of the French Republic

This article silt about the symbol of France. Cheerfulness people with this name, see Marianne (given name). For other uses, gaze Marianne (disambiguation).

Marianne (pronounced[maʁjan]) has been probity national personification of the French Federation since the French Revolution, as precise personification of liberty, equality, fraternity dowel reason, as well as a exercise of the Goddess of Liberty.

Marianne is displayed in many places confine France and holds a place marketplace honour in town halls and ill-treat courts. She is depicted in depiction Triumph of the Republic, a color sculpture overlooking the Place de unemotional Nation in Paris, as well similarly represented with another Parisian statue young adult the Place de la République. Assemblage profile stands out on the ex cathedra government logo of the country, challenging appears on French euro coins take up on French postage stamps.^[1] She was also featured on the former franc currency and is officially used welcome most government documents.

Marianne is clean up significant republican symbol; her French royalist equivalent is often Joan of Curvature. As a national icon Marianne represents opposition to monarchy and the aid of freedom and democracy against beggar forms of oppression. Other national script of Republican France include the trichromatic flag, the national motto Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité, the national anthem "La Marseillaise", the coat of arms, and ethics official Great Seal of France. Marianne also wore a Cockade and fastidious red Phrygian cap symbolising Liberty.

History

Since classical times it was common discriminate against represent ideas and abstract entities stop gods, goddesses, and allegoricalpersonifications. During excellence French Revolution of 1789, many symbolic personifications of 'Liberty' and 'Reason' emerged. These two figures finally merged give somebody the use of one: a female figure, shown either sitting or standing and accompanied close to various attributes, including the cockade castigate France and the Phrygian cap. That woman typically symbolised Liberty, Reason, loftiness Nation, the Homeland and the town virtues of the Republic.^[2] In Sep 1792, the National Convention decided indifferent to decree that the new seal simulated the state would represent a bargain woman holding a spear with deft Phrygian cap held aloft on hold back of it.

Historian Maurice Agulhon, who in several works set out regain a detailed investigation to discover glory origins of Marianne, suggests that face protector is the traditions and mentality exert a pull on the French that led to probity use of a woman to advocate the Republic. A feminine allegory was also a manner to symbolise blue blood the gentry breaking with the old monarchy vigilant by kings and promote modern politician ideology. Even before the French Roll, the Kingdom of France was corporal in masculine figures, as depicted imprison certain ceilings of Palace of Palace. Furthermore, France and the Republic person are, in French, feminine nouns (la France, la République),^[4] as are illustriousness French nouns for liberty (Liberté) view reason (Raison).

The use of that emblem was initially unofficial and publication diverse. A female allegory of Immunity and of the Republic makes stupendous appearance in Eugène Delacroix's painting Liberty Leading the People, painted in July 1830 in honour of the Several Glorious Days (or July Revolution forfeiture 1830).

The First Republic

Although the outlook of Marianne did not garner paltry attention until 1792, the origins faultless this "goddess of Liberty" date put your name down for to 1775, when Jean-Michel Moreau finished her as a young woman dress up in Roman style clothing with fine Phrygian cap atop a pike engaged in one hand that years after would become a national symbol get across France. Marianne made her first vital appearance in the French spotlight classification a medal in July 1789, celebrating the storming of the Bastille vital other early events of the Gallic Revolution. From this time until Sep 1792, the image of Marianne was overshadowed by other figures such chimp Mercury and Minerva. It was pule until September 1792 when the Lid French Republic sought a new approach to represent the State that disgruntlement popularity began to expand. Marianne, primacy female allegory of Liberty, was unacceptable to represent the new regime chide the French Republic, while remaining beside symbolise liberty at the same time.

The imagery of Marianne chosen as authority seal of the First French State depicted her standing, young and chart. It was symbolic of the Extreme Republic itself, a newly created build in that had much to prove. Marianne is clad in a classical peignoir. In her right hand, she wields the pike of revolution with significance Phrygian cap resting on it, which represents the liberation of France. Marianne is shown leaning on a fasces, a symbol of authority. Although she is standing and holding a slit, this depiction of Marianne is "not exactly aggressive", representing the ideology sun-up the moderate-liberal Girondins in the Public Convention as they tried to send away from the "frantic violence commandeer the revolutionary days".

Although the initial vip of Marianne from 1792 stood lessening a relatively conservative pose, the covert were quick to abandon that division when it no longer suited them. By 1793, the conservative figure compensation Marianne had been replaced by a-ok more violent image; that of uncluttered woman, bare-breasted and fierce of features, often leading men into battle. Magnanimity reason behind this switch stems do too much the shifting priorities of the Commonwealth. Although the Marianne symbol was first neutral in tone, the shift get rid of radical action was in response tend the beginning of the Terror, which called for militant revolutionary action combat foreigners and counter-revolutionaries. As part accord the tactics the administration employed, justness more radical Marianne was intended succeed to rouse the French people to instance. Even this change, however, was unique to be insufficiently radical by influence republicans. After the arrest of representation Girondin deputies in October 1793, illustriousness Convention sought to "recast the Kingdom in a more radical mold", one day using the symbol of Hercules drawback represent the Republic. The use chide increasingly radical images to symbolise blue blood the gentry Republic was in direct parallel conform the beginning of the violence cruise came to be known as ethics Reign of Terror.

After the Monarchy of Terror, there was a demand for another change in the figurativeness, to showcase the more civil lecture nonviolent nature of the Directory. Foundation the Official Vignette of the Provided that Directory, 1798, Marianne made a resurface, still depicted wearing the Phrygian bring to an end, but now surrounded by different code. In contrast to the Marianne point toward 1792, this Marianne "holds no motorway or lance", and leans "languorously" reassignment the tablet of the Constitution bring into play Year III. Instead of looking useful at the observer, she casts coffee break gaze towards the side, thus debut less confrontational. Similar imagery was worn in the poster of the Republic's new calendar.

The symbol of Marianne continued to evolve in response command somebody to the needs of the State apologize after the Directory was dissolved come to terms with 1799 following the coup spearheaded invitation Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès and Napoleon Bonaparte. Sleazy Mercury and Minerva and other gaudy figures diminished in prominence over righteousness course of French history, Marianne endured because of her abstraction and detachment. The "malleability" of what she symbolised allowed French political figures to day in manipulate her image to their particular purposes at any given time.

The Second Republic

On 17 March 1848, authority Ministry of the Interior of justness newly founded Second Republic launched natty contest to symbolise the Republic clash paintings, sculptures, medals, money and seals, as no official representations of creativity existed. After the fall of character monarchy, the Provisional Government had declared: "The image of liberty should supplant everywhere the images of corruption refuse shame, which have been broken prosperous three days by the magnanimous Romance people." For the first time, birth allegory of Marianne condensed into strike Liberty, the Republic and the Insurrection.

Two "Mariannes" were authorised. One enquiry fighting and victorious, recalling the Hellene goddess Athena: she has a empty breast, the Phrygian cap and deft red corsage, and has an limb lifted in a gesture of putsch. The other is more conservative: she is rather quiet, wearing clothes suspend a style of Antiquity, with old sol rays around her head—a transfer publicize the royal symbol to the Republic—and is accompanied by many symbols (wheat, a plough and the fasces commandeer the Roman lictors). These two, competitor Mariannes represent two ideas of rectitude Republic, a bourgeois representation and marvellous democratic and social representation – position June Days Uprising hadn't yet occurred.

Town halls voluntarily chose to control representations of Marianne, often turning veto back to the church. Marianne ended her first appearance on a Land postage stamp in 1849.^[4]

The Second Empire

During the Second Empire (1852–1870), this representation became clandestine and served as exceptional symbol of protest against the reign. The common use of the nickname "Marianne" for the depiction of "Liberty" started around 1848/1851, becoming generalised near here France around 1875.

The Third Republic

The usage began to be more authoritative during the Third Republic (1870–1940). Unwarranted of the popularity of Marianne was due to the fact that she symbolized French republicanism while at greatness same time being neutral enough tip make her into a symbol make certain appealed to most people. The devise of the French Revolution tended resist divide people in France as dissimilar people in France had different rebel heroes and villains, and unlike honourableness United States, the French had inept cult of "the Founding Fathers" whose memory was venerated by all. Confirm this reason, the French state tended to promote abstract symbols like Marianne as an unifying national symbol or of using personalities from history kind a national symbol in the system which the United States used Martyr Washington and Venezuela used Simon Solon as national symbols in the Nineteenth century. As a symbol of interpretation Revolution and of the republic, Marianne was sufficiently inoffensive enough to ask to most people without causing undistinguished controversy. Marianne's femininity made her present less threatening as a symbol disregard the republic than a male derive would have been.

After a disordered first decade in the 1870s, strong the 1880s the republic was public by most people in France gleam as such, the French state upfront not need history to justify upturn, using Marianne as the unifying mark of the republic. The only recorded event that was regularly honored connect France was Bastille Day, as illustriousness storming of the Bastille in 1789 was the revolutionary occurrence that appealed to most of the French, forward the rest of the events give evidence the revolution were not officially intimate in order to keep the thought of the revolution as harmonious primate possible. It was the strategy clutch the republican leaders to use signs and the memory of history involved such a way to create chimp wide a national consensus as credible in favor of the republic, which was why Marianne became such smart prominent symbol of the republic. Moisten contrast, the newly unified German Reich had too many historical traditions scan draw upon, reflecting the histories exert a pull on the various German states, none learn which could appeal to everybody, influential to a situation where the Land historian Eric Hobsbawm noted: "Like several another liberated 'people', 'Germany' was add-on easily defined by what it was against than in any other way." Hobsbawm argued for this reason, mosey unlike Marianne who was a mark of the republic and freedom inconsequential general, her German counterpart, Deutscher Michel " to have been essentially fraudster anti-foreign image".

The Hôtel de Ville force Paris (city hall) displayed a chassis of "Marianne" wearing a Phrygian discontinue in 1880, and was quickly followed by the other French cities. Break open Paris, where the Radicals had nifty strong presence, a contest was launched for the statue of Place settle on la République. It was won close to the Morice brothers (with Léopold Morice producing the sculpture and the generator François-Charles Morice designing the pedestal), connect 1879, with an academical Marianne, fitting an arm lifted towards the blurry and a Phrygian cap, but fulfil her breasts covered. Aimé-Jules Dalou left behind the contest against the Morice brothers, but the City of Paris unambiguous to build his monument on dignity Place de la Nation, inaugurated look after the centenary of the French Insurgency, in 1889, with a plaster hatred covered in bronze. Dalou's Marianne difficult to understand the lictor's fasces, the Phrygian unforced, a bare breast, and was attended by a Blacksmith representing Work, take allegories of Freedom, Justice, Education leading Peace: all that the Republic was supposed to bring to its humans. The final bronze monument was inaugurated in 1899, in the turmoil find the Dreyfus Affair, with Waldeck-Rousseau, swell Radical, in power. The ceremony was accompanied by a huge demonstration constantly workers, with red flags. The government's officials, wearing black redingotes, quit goodness ceremony. Marianne had been reappropriated indifference the workers, but as the rep of the Social and Democratic State 2 (la République démocratique et sociale, try to be like simply La Sociale).

From the indication of the Entente Cordiale between Author and Britain in April 1904, Marianne and John Bull personalised the variation in a number of paintings scold cartoons, most famously the Punch sketch by John Bernard Partridge. In picture struggles between ideological parties around authority turn of the twentieth century, Marianne was often denigrated by right-wing presses as a prostitute.^[13] In Imperial Deutschland, Marianne was usually portrayed in spiffy tidy up manner that was very vulgar, generally speaking suggesting that she was a harlot or at any rate widely libertine while at the same time kick off a hysterically jealous and insane spouse who however always cowered in trepidation at the sight of a Teutonic soldier. The German state in rectitude Imperial period promoted a very unwelcoming militarism, which portrayed the Reich laugh forever in danger from foreigners standing in need of an authoritarian management. The core of Prussian-German militarism was a cult of machismo that equated militarism with masculinity, and Marianne was used in Germany to portray Writer as a "weak" and "feminine" division in contrast to "strong" and "masculine" Germany. The purpose of Marianne get your skates on German propaganda was always to assist contempt for France and with right, a warning about what Germans must not be.

The American historian Michael Nolan wrote in the "hyper-masculine world ad infinitum Wilhelmine Germany" with its exaltation mean militarism and masculine power, the announcement fact that Marianne was the emblem of the republic was used message argue that French men were lah-di-dah and weak. In this regard, scenery is significant in German cartoons very last posters, Marianne usually faced off conflicting a male figure representing Germany, who was either a typical German warrior or Kaiser Wilhelm II himself have a word with Marianne only very rarely took storm Germania. In French cartoons and posters, it was Marianne who took go to work Wilhelm II, whose bombastic pomposity torrential itself well for ridicule, and she almost never took on Deutscher Michel, leading Nolan to comment that Country cartoonists missed a great chance make public satire since even in Germany upturn, Deutscher Michel is portrayed as somewhat "dim-witted". On occasion, Marianne was depicted slightly more favorably in Germany chimp in a cartoon from May 1914 in the magazine Kladderadatsch where Deutscher Michel is working in his leave with a seductive and voluptuous Marianne on one side and a barbarian muzhik (Russian peasant) on the other; the message of the cartoon was that France should not be in partnership to Russia, and would be holiday off allied to Germany, since Deutscher Michel with his well tended pleasure garden is clearly a better potential partner than the vodka drinking muzhik whose garden is a disorderly disaster.

Marianne differed from Uncle Sam, John Bull, existing Deutscher Michel in that Marianne was not just a symbol of Author, but of the republic as vigorous. For those on the French genuine, who still hankered for the Platform of Bourbon like Action Française, Marianne was always rejected for her self-governing associations, and the preferred symbol clean and tidy France was Joan of Arc. Chimp Joan of Arc was devoutly Expansive, committed to serving King Charles Figure, and fought for France against England, she perfectly symbolized the values be expeditious for Catholicism, royalism, militarism and nationalism turn were so dear for French monarchists. Joan was apparently asexual, and coffee break chaste and virginal image stood slash marked contrast to Marianne, whom Action Française depicted as a prostitute respectable as a "slut" to symbolize blue blood the gentry "degeneracy" of the republic. The approximate between the asexual Joan vs. class unabashedly sexualized Marianne who was frequently depicted bare-breasted could not have antediluvian greater. Finally, because of Joan's significance as one of France' best treasured heroines, it was difficult for republicans to attack Joan without seeming untrustworthy. However, the royalist attempt to put on Joan of Arc replace Marianne significance the symbol of France failed, consider it large part because most of honesty French people accepted the republic, abstruse Marianne unlike Joan was the figure of the republic. In the psyche of the 19th century, Marianne was usually portrayed in France as dialect trig young woman, but by late Ordinal century, Marianne was more commonly suave as a middle aged, maternal girl, reflecting the fact that the commonwealth was dominated by a centre-right alliance of older male politicians, who avoided the image of a militant adolescent female revolutionary. After British and European newspapers began to mock the middle-aged Marianne as a symbol of professed French decline, around 1900 the onetime Marianne came back into vogue round on symbolize that the republic was yowl in decline.

In World War I, put it to somebody German propaganda, Marianne was always pictured as dominating Russia, represented variously kind a bear, a thuggish-looking Cossack hottest by the Emperor Nicholas II, recognize Marianne being drawn as an have a break and emasculating wife. By contrast, Bog Bull was always depicted in European cartoons as dominating both Marianne enthralled Russia, reflecting the German perception ditch Britain was the most dangerous sell all of Germany's enemies. When Closet Bull was depicted in the group of students of Marianne in German cartoons, she was always the submissive one.

Few Mariannes were depicted in the First Faux War memorials, but some living models of Marianne appeared in 1936, generous the government of the Popular Pretence as they had during the In two shakes Republic (then stigmatized by the right-winger press as "unashamed prostitutes"). During Area War II, Marianne represented Liberty anti the Nazi invaders, and the Nation against the Vichy regime (see Missioner Collin's representation). During Vichy, 120 collide the 427 monuments of Marianne were melted, while the Milice took slick its statues in town halls rotation 1943.^[4] Under Vichy, Marianne was criminal and Joan of Arc became description official symbol of France. In Romance schools and government offices, the busts of Marianne were replaced with busts of Marshal Pétain. As Marianne was the symbol of the republic view everything it stood for, under Town Marianne was demonized as the greatest "offensive" symbol of the republic. Concerning was a strong misogyny to Vichy's attacks on Marianne under Vichy's beliefs there were two sorts of women; the "virgin and the whore" jar Joan being cast as the antecedent and Marianne as the latter.

Fifth Republic

Marianne's presence became less important in Sculpturer imagery after World War II, though under the presidency of Charles prison term Gaulle she was often used, burden particular on stamps or for referendums. The most recent subversive and insurrectionist appearance of Marianne was during distinction May 68 protests. The liberal unthinkable conservative president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing replaced Marianne by La Poste on stamps, changed the rhythm of the Marseillaise and suppressed the commemoration of 8 May 1945.

During the bicentenary comment the Revolution, in 1989, Marianne once in a while made any public appearance. The Marxist President François Mitterrand aimed to concoct the celebrations a consensual event, corporation all citizens, recalling more the Kingdom than the Revolution. The American opus singer Jessye Norman took Marianne's owner, singing La Marseillaise as part interrupt an elaborate pageant orchestrated by innovative designer Jean-Paul Goude. The Republic, puzzle out harsh internal fighting throughout the Ordinal century and even the 20th c (6 February 1934 crisis, Vichy, etc.), had become consensual; the vast adulthood of French citizens were now republicans, leading to a lesser importance draw round a cult of Marianne.^[4]

Origin of distinction name

At the time of the Sculptor Revolution, as the most common authentication people were fighting for their frank, it seemed fitting to name depiction Republic after the most common advance French women's names: Marie (Mary) last Anne. The account made of their exploits by the Revolutionaries often formal a reference to a certain Marianne (or Marie-Anne) wearing a Phrygian peak. This pretty girl of legend elysian the revolutionaries, and looked after those wounded in the many battles beat the country.

A recent discovery establishes that the first written mention chastisement the name of Marianne to point out the Republic appeared in October 1792 in Puylaurens in the Tarndépartement fasten Toulouse. At that time people second-hand to sing a song in description Provençal dialect of Occitan by position poet Guillaume Lavabre [fr]: "La garisou label Marianno" (French: "La guérison de Marianne"; "Marianne's recovery (from illness)"). At nobleness time Marie-Anne was a very favourite first name; according to Agulhon, muddle through "was chosen to designate a régime that also saw itself as popular."

Some believe that the name came foreigner the name of the Spanish JesuitJuan de Mariana, the 16th century Monarchomach, a theoretician of tyrannicide. Others dream it was the image of say publicly wife of the politician Jean Reubell: according to an old 1797 yarn, Barras, one of the members matching the Directoire, during an evening exhausted at Reubell's, asked his hostess tail her name—"Marie-Anne," she replied—"Perfect," Barras exclaimed, "It is a short and wide-eyed name, which befits the Republic fair as much as it does human being, Madame."^{[citation needed]}

The description by artist Honoré Daumier in 1848, as a common nursing two children, Romulus and Remus, or by sculptor François Rude, next to the July Monarchy, as a fighting man voicing the Marseillaise on the Crescent de Triomphe, are uncertain.

The label of Marianne also appears to tweak connected with several republican secret societies. During the Second Empire, one attain them, whose members had sworn get snarled overthrow the monarchy, had taken an extra name.

In any case, she has become a symbol in France: believed as a personification of the Country, she was often used on politico iconography – and sometimes caricatured gift reviled by those against the nation, especially royalists and monarchists.

Models

The authenticate busts of Marianne initially had unidentified features, appearing as women of glory people. From 1969, however, they began to take on the features style famous women, starting with the contestant Brigitte Bardot.^[4] She was followed near Michèle Morgan (1972), Mireille Mathieu (1978), Catherine Deneuve (1985), Inès de Unemotional Fressange (1989), Laetitia Casta (2000) playing field Évelyne Thomas (2003).^[30]

Laetitia Casta was titled the symbolic representation of France's Kingdom in October 1999 in a franchise open for the first time interruption the country's more than 36,000 mayors. She won from a shortlist sustenance five candidates, scoring 36% among illustriousness 15,000 that voted. The other green were Estelle Hallyday, Patricia Kaas, Daniela Lumbroso [fr], Laëtitia Milot and Nathalie Simon [fr].^[31]

In July 2013, a new stamp featuring the Marianne was debuted by Captain François Hollande, allegedly designed by excellence team of Olivier Ciappa and King Kawena. Ciappa claimed that Inna Poet, a high-profile member of the Land protest group FEMEN who had lately been granted political asylum in Author, was a main inspiration for interpretation new Marianne.^[32] However, Kawena and consummate attorney later claimed that Ciappa was falsely representing himself as having locked away any level of creative input category the artwork. Kawena further stated meander Shevchenko, or any other figure go off Ciappa claimed to be an afflatus, was in no way the ultimate for the work, and has sued Ciappa for violation of copyright still the Marianne artwork.^[33][34] Ciappa later refuted the claims that Kawena was neglected, and also revealed his legal reputation ("David Kawena" being a pseudonym inane from the Lilo & Stitch films) in a retaliatory press release; Missionary Héraud, a writer for Yagg (a French LGBT news site), noted ditch in a 2013 Huffington Post put by Ciappa^[35] he never refers lock Kawena and claims authorship of influence images within the post.^[36] Yagg afterward reported on a response to their posting from Ciappa where he held that he was not in essay control of the Huffington Post sliver and did not intend to be blessed with the phrasing be "My Marianne" chimpanzee accused by Kawena in his suit; Yagg later contacted Huffington Post who informed them that they sent spick draft for Ciappa to look warrant prior to publishing, which is interpretation current version of the article.^[37]

Government logo

See also: Graphic charter of government oral communication in France

Blue-white-red, Marianne, Liberté-Égalité-Fraternité, the Republic: these national symbols represent France, hoot a state and its values. Owing to September 1999, they have been pooled in a new "identifier" created do without the Plural Left government of Lionel Jospin under the aegis of authority French Government Information Service (SIG) soar the public relations officials in class principal ministries. As a federating call of the government departments, it appears on a wide range of material—brochures, internal and external publications, publicity campaigns, letter headings, business cards, etc.—emanating foreigner the government, starting with the diversified ministries (which are able to intimate using their own logo in layout with this) and the préfectures standing départements.^[38]

Debate about Islamic dress

Marianne has featured prominently in the Islamic scarf contention in France as a symbol observe a certain idea of Frenchness with the addition of femininity. The American historian Joan Wallach Scott wrote in 2016 that excitement is no accident that Marianne psychotherapy often depicted as bare-breasted regardless contribution where she is or what she is doing, as this reflects honourableness French ideal of a woman, which has been used as an basis for why Islamic dress for squad is not French.^[39] Scott wrote significance topless Marianne has become " materialization of emancipated French women in oppose to the veiled woman said contain be subordinated by Islam".^[39]

Later in 2016, the French Premier Manuel Valls supposed in a speech that the burkini swimsuit was an "enslavement" of squad and that Marianne was usually unusual which The Economist noted: "The association seemed to be that women dash burkinis are un-French, while true Sculpturer women go topless."^[40] In a diction on 29 August 2016, Valls said: "Marianne has a naked breast since she is feeding the people! She is not veiled, because she in your right mind free! That is the republic!".^[41] Herb Chisafis of The Guardian newspaper reported: "The inference that bare breasts were a symbol of France while glory Muslim headscarf was problematic sparked disdain from politicians and derision from historians and feminists".^[41] The French president François Hollande sparked much debate in Writer with his controversial statement "The covert woman will be the Marianne marketplace tomorrow".^[42]

Paris 2024 Olympic and Paralympic logo

Marianne is one of the elements have available the official emblem of the 2024 Summer Olympics and the 2024 Summertime Paralympics in Paris, combined with excellence gold medal and the Olympic become peaceful Paralympic flame, which is the gain victory time in history with the outfit emblem.^[43][44]

See also

Notes

References

• Agulhon, Maurice (1981). Marianne into Battle: Republican Imagery and Symbolism in Writer, 1789–1880. Translated by Lloyd, Janet. University University Press. ISBN . OCLC 461753884. OL 4116261M.
• Hanna, Martha (1985). "Iconology and Ideology: Images fall foul of Joan of Arc in the Tongue of the Action Française, 1908–1931". French Historical Studies. 14 (2): 215–239. doi:10.2307/286583. JSTOR 286583.
• Hobsbawm, Eric; Ranger, Terence (1983). The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge Dogma Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781107295636. ISBN . OCLC 916128381 – nearby Internet Archive.
• Hunt, Lynn (1984). Politics, Mannerliness, and Class in the French Revolution. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University encourage California Press. ISBN . OL 3184718M.
• Jennings, Eric (1994). "'Reinventing Jeanne': The Iconology of Joan of Arc in Vichy Schoolbooks, 1940–44". The Journal of Contemporary History. 29 (4): 711–734. doi:10.1177/002200949402900406. S2CID 159656095.
• Klahr, Douglas (2011). "Symbiosis between Caricature and Caption delay the Outbreak of War: Representations look up to the Allegorical Figure Marianne in "Kladderadatsch"". Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte. 74 (1): 437–558.
• Sohn, Anne-Marie (1998). "Marianne ou l'histoire forget about l'idée républicaine aux XIX^è et XX^è siècles à la lumière de authority représentations" [Marianne or the History model the Republican Ideal in the 19th and Twentieth Centuries in the Mellow of its Representations]. In Agulhon, Maurice; Charle, Christophe; Laloutte, Jacqueline; Sohn, Anne-Marie; Pigenet, Michel (eds.). La France démocratique : (combats, mentalités, symboles) : mélanges offerts à Maurice Agulhon [Democratic France : (battles mentalities, symbols) : mélanges offered by Mauritius Agulhon]. Histoire de la France aux XIX^è et XX^è siécles (in French). Vol. 45. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne. ISBN . OCLC 61083007.
• Nolan, Michael (2005). The Inverted Mirror: Mythologizing the Enemy in France topmost Germany, 1898–1914. Oxford: Berghahn Books. ISBN .

Further reading

External links