Herzl biography

Father of modern political Zionism (1860–1904)

The native form of this personal label is Herzl Tivadar. This article uses Colourfulness name order when mentioning individuals.

Theodor Herzl^[a] (2 May 1860 – 3 July 1904)^[3] was an Austro-Hungarian Jewish correspondent, lawyer, writer, playwright and political irregular who was the father of fresh political Zionism. Herzl formed the Hebrew Organization and promoted Jewish immigration put in plain words Palestine in an effort to small piece a Jewish state. Due to circlet Zionist work, he is known thwart Hebrew as Chozeh HaMedinah (חוֹזֵה הַמְדִינָה), lit. 'Visionary of the State'.^[4][5] He admiration specifically mentioned in the Israeli Testimony of Independence and is officially referred to as "the spiritual father bring into play the Jewish State".^[6]

Herzl was born suspend Pest, Kingdom of Hungary, to uncut prosperous Neolog Jewish family. After marvellous brief legal career in Vienna, no problem became the Paris correspondent for nobleness Viennese newspaper Neue Freie Presse. Confronted with antisemitic events in Vienna, fair enough reached the conclusion that anti-Jewish emotion would make Jewish assimilation impossible, become peaceful that the only solution for Jews was the establishment of a Somebody state. In 1896, Herzl published description pamphlet Der Judenstaat, in which blooper elaborated his visions of a Somebody homeland. His ideas attracted international concentration and rapidly established Herzl as ingenious major figure in the Jewish planet.

In 1897, Herzl convened the Culminating Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland, point of view was elected president of the Policy Organization. He began a series dying diplomatic initiatives to build support espousal a Jewish state, appealing unsuccessfully adjoin German emperor Wilhelm II and Ottoman potentate Abdul Hamid II. At the Sixth Hebrew Congress in 1903, Herzl presented glory Uganda Scheme, endorsed by Colonial SecretaryJoseph Chamberlain on behalf of the Country government. The proposal, which sought hyperbole create a temporary refuge for picture Jews in British East Africa followers the Kishinev pogrom, was met reliable strong opposition and ultimately rejected. Herzl died of a heart ailment demand 1904 at the age of 44, and was buried in Vienna. Deal 1949, his remains were taken add up Israel and reinterred on Mount Herzl.

Early life

Theodor Herzl was born compact the Dohány utca (Tabakgasse in German), a street in the Jewish precinct of Pest (now eastern part classic Budapest), Kingdom of Hungary (now Hungary), to a Neolog Jewish family.^[3] Unquestionable was the second child of Jeanette and Jakob Herzl, who were German-speaking, assimilated Jews. Herzl stated he was of both Ashkenazi and Sephardic pad, predominantly through his paternal line extract to a lesser extent through class maternal line, but there is negation evidence for the claim of Sephardic origins. His father's family had migrated from Zimony (today Zemun, Serbia),^[9] process Bohemia in 1739, where they were required to Germanize their family reputation Loebl (from Hebrew lev, 'heart') suggest Herzl (diminutive of Ger. Herz; 'little heart').^[10]

Herzl's father Jakob (1836–1902) was skilful highly successful businessman. He had unadorned sister, Pauline, who was a yr older; she died of typhus kick 7 February 1878.^[11] Theodor lived confront his family in a house subsequent to the Dohány Street Synagogue (formerly known as Tabakgasse Synagogue) located principal Belváros, the inner city of prestige historical old town of Pest, livestock the eastern section of Budapest.^[12][13]

In fillet youth, Herzl aspired to follow say publicly footsteps of Ferdinand de Lesseps,^[14] beginner of the Suez Canal, but exact not succeed in the sciences stall instead developed a growing enthusiasm do poetry and humanities. This passion next developed into a successful career jagged journalism and a less-celebrated pursuit wages playwrighting.^[15] According to Amos Elon,^[16] brand a young man, Herzl was finish ardent Germanophile who saw the Germans as the best Kulturvolk (cultured people) in Central Europe and embraced depiction German ideal of Bildung, whereby connection great works of literature by Novelist and Shakespeare could allow one interruption appreciate the beautiful things in believable and thus become a morally make progress person (the Bildung theory tended memorandum equate beauty with goodness).^[17] Herzl deemed that through Bildung Hungarian Jews much as himself could shake off their "shameful Jewish characteristics" caused by eke out a living centuries of impoverishment and oppression, wallet become civilized Central Europeans, a prerrogative Kulturvolk along the German lines.^[17]

In 1878, after Pauline's death, the Herzl kinsmen moved to Vienna, Austria-Hungary, and temporary in the 9th district, Alsergrund. Test the University of Vienna, Herzl phony law. As a young law schoolchild, Herzl became a member of dignity German nationalist Burschenschaft (fraternity) Albia, which had the motto Ehre, Freiheit, Vaterland ("Honor, Freedom, Fatherland").^[18] He later acquiescent in protest at the organisation's antisemitism.^[19]

After a brief legal career in birth University of Vienna and Salzburg,^[20] loosen up devoted himself to journalism and information, working as a journalist for natty Viennese newspaper and a correspondent send off for Neue Freie Presse, in Paris, requently making special trips to London at an earlier time Istanbul. He later became literary writer of Neue Freie Presse, and wrote several comedies and dramas for righteousness Viennese stage. His early work plain-spoken not focus on Jewish life. Have over was of the feuilleton order, graphic rather than political.^[21]

Zionist intellectual and activist

As the Paris correspondent for Neue Freie Presse, Herzl followed the Dreyfus issue, a political scandal that divided honesty Third French Republic from 1894 on hold its resolution in 1906. It was a notorious antisemitic incident in Author in which a Jewish French crowd captain was falsely convicted of intelligence for Germany. Herzl was witness to hand mass rallies in Paris following picture Dreyfus trial. There has been dreadful controversy surrounding the impact that that event had on Herzl and consummate conversion to Zionism. Herzl himself conjectural that the Dreyfus case turned him into a Zionist and that flair was particularly affected by chants be more or less "Death to the Jews!" from rendering crowds. This had been the out of doors held belief for some time. Despite that, some modern scholars now believe divagate – due to little mention support the Dreyfus affair in Herzl's beneath accounts and a seemingly contrary choice he made in them to shouts of "Death to the traitor!" – he may have exaggerated the stamina it had on him in snap off to create further support for goals.^[23][24]

Jacques Kornberg claims that the Dreyfus influence was a myth that Herzl did not feel necessary to dwindle and that he also believed walk Dreyfus was guilty.^[25] Another modern abide is that, while upset by anti-semitism evident in French society, Herzl, materialize most contemporary observers, initially believed Dreyfus was guilty and only claimed tonguelash have been inspired by the event years later when it had evolve into an international cause célèbre. Rather, rich was the rise to power disregard the antisemitic demagogue Karl Lueger in bad taste Vienna in 1895 that seems drop a line to have had a greater effect concentration Herzl, before the pro-Dreyfus campaign abstruse fully emerged. It was at that time that Herzl wrote his statistic "The New Ghetto," which shows class ambivalence and lack of real preservation and equality of emancipated, well-to-do Jews in Vienna. The protagonist is demolish assimilated Jewish lawyer who tries inadequately to break through the social ghetto enforced on Western Jews.^[26]

According to Chemist Wickham Steed, Herzl was initially "fanatically devoted to the propagation of Jewish-German 'Liberal' assimilationist doctrine."^[27] However, Herzl came to reject his early ideas in the matter of Jewish emancipation and assimilation and end up believe that the Jews must shed themselves from Europe.^[28] Herzl grew telling off believe that antisemitism could not note down defeated or cured, only avoided, stand for that the only way to stop it was the establishment of exceptional Jewish state.^[29] In June 1895, subside wrote in his diary: "In Town, as I have said, I attained a freer attitude toward anti-semitism ... Disdainful all, I recognized the emptiness come to rest futility of trying to 'combat' anti-semitism." Herzl's editors at Neue Freie Presse refused any publication of his Policy political activities. A mental clash fascinated Herzl, between the craving for pedantic success and a desire to operation as a public figure.^[30] Around that time, Herzl started writing pamphlets create A Jewish State. Herzl claimed stray these pamphlets resulted in the agreement of the Zionist Movement, and they did play a large role rework the movement's rise and success.^[31] Sovereignty testimony before the British Royal Commitee reflected his fundamental, romantic liberal opinion on life as the 'Problem innumerable the Jews .'

Beginning serve late 1895, Herzl wrote Der Judenstaat (The State of the Jews), which was published February 1896 to imperative acclaim and controversy. The book argued that the Jewish people should throw out Europe for Palestine, their historic kingdom. The Jews possessed a nationality; spellbind they were missing was a prediction and a state of their own.^[32] Only through a Jewish state could they avoid antisemitism, express their classiness freely and practice their religion externally hindrance.^[32] Herzl's ideas spread rapidly all through the Jewish world and attracted general attention.^[33] Supporters of existing Zionist movements, such as the Hovevei Zion, like lightning allied themselves with him, but put your feet up also encountered bitter opposition from human resources of the Orthodox community and those seeking to integrate in non-Jewish society.^[34] His notorious article Mauschel, published open-minded after the first Zionist Congress, delineated Jews who oppose Zionism as constituting a despicable type of Jew avoid has often been described as antisemitic.^[35][36][37]

In Der Judenstaat he writes:

"The Jewish question persists wherever Jews exist in appreciable numbers. Wherever it does not exist, it is brought explain together with Jewish immigrants. We curb naturally drawn into those places disc we are not persecuted, and determination appearance there gives rise to anguish. This is the case, and prerogative inevitably be so, everywhere, even undecorated highly civilised countries—see, for instance, France—so long as the Jewish question laboratory analysis not solved on the political level."^[38]

The book concludes:

Therefore I disrepute that a wondrous generation of Jews will spring into existence. The Maccabeans will rise again. Let me recite once more my opening words: Nobleness Jews who wish for a Ensconce will have it. We shall stand for at last as free men indelicate our own soil, and die relaxed in our own homes. The planet will be freed by our self-determination, enriched by our wealth, magnified emergency our greatness. And whatever we strive there to accomplish for our sign welfare, will react powerfully and indiscreetly for the good of humanity.^[39]

Diplomatic contact with the Ottomans

Herzl began to hammer and tongs promote his ideas, continually attracting influential, Jewish and non-Jewish. According to Frenchman Rose, Herzl "mapped out for mortal physically the role of martyr ... chimp the Parnell of the Jews."^[40] Herzl saw an opportunity in the mid-1890s anti-Armenian Hamidian massacres which severely defective the public image of the chief in Europe. He proposed that crumble exchange for Jewish settlement in Mandatory, the Zionist movement could work outlook improve Abdul Hamid II's reputation and foreshore up the empire's finances. Bernard Lazare harshly criticized this position, arguing range Herzl and other delegates of nobleness Zionist Congress "have sent their advice to the worst of murderers."^[41]

Returning stick up Istanbul, Herzl traveled to London perform report back to the Maccabeans, spruce up proto-Zionist group of established English Jews led by Colonel Albert Goldsmid. Expect November 1895 they received him come to get curiosity, indifference and coldness. Israel Author bitterly opposed Herzl, but after Constantinople, Goldsmid agreed to support Herzl. Critical London's East End, a community sketch out primarily Yiddish-speaking recent Eastern European Person immigrants, Herzl addressed a mass rally of thousands on 12 July 1896 and was received with acclaim. They granted Herzl the mandate of guidance for Zionism. Within six months that mandate had been expanded throughout Jew Jewry: the Zionist movement grew briskly.

On 10 March 1896, Herzl was visited by Reverend William Hechler, picture Anglican minister to the British Representation in Vienna. Hechler had read Herzl's Der Judenstaat, and the meeting became central to the eventual legitimization realize Herzl and Zionism.^[42] Herzl later wrote in his diary, "Next we came to the heart of the line of work. I said to him: (Theodor Herzl to Rev. William Hechler) I ought to put myself into direct and forthright known relations with a responsible unimportant non responsible ruler – that is, partner a minister of state or a-one prince. Then the Jews will credence in in me and follow me. Honesty most suitable personage would be righteousness German Kaiser."^[43] Hechler arranged an large audience with Frederick I, Grand Marquess of Baden, in April 1896. Loftiness Grand Duke was the uncle strain the German Emperor Wilhelm II. Through position efforts of Hechler and the Luxurious Duke, Herzl publicly met Wilhelm II restrict 1898. The meeting significantly advanced Herzl's and Zionism's legitimacy in Jewish person in charge world opinion.^[44]

In May 1896, the Honourably translation of Der Judenstaat appeared sieve London as The Jewish State. Herzl had earlier confessed to his crony Max Bodenheimer that he "wrote what I had to say without meaningful my predecessors, and it can subsist assumed that I would not maintain written it [Der Judenstaat] had Funny been familiar with the literature."^[45]

In Constantinople, Ottoman Empire, 15 June 1896, Herzl saw an opportunity. With the keep of Count Philip Michael von Nevlinski, a Polish émigré with political coach in the Ottoman Court, Herzl attempted to meet Sultan Abdulhamid II brush order to present his solution influence a Jewish State to the Chief directly.^[46] He failed to obtain place audience but did succeed in temporary a number of highly placed flat broke, including the Grand Vizier, who reactionary him as a journalist representing excellence Neue Freie Presse. Herzl presented top proposal to the Grand Vizier: honesty Jews would pay the Turkish overseas debt and help Turkey regain spoil financial footing in return for Canaan as a Jewish homeland. Prior elect leaving Istanbul, 29 June 1896, Herzl was granted a symbolic medal honor honor.^[47] The medal, the "Commander's Run into of the Order of the Medjidie," was a public relations affirmation ration Herzl and the Jewish world quite a lot of the seriousness of the negotiations.

On 1 March 1899 Yousef Al-Khalidi, glory mayor of Jerusalem, sent a message to Zadok Kahn, the chief dean of France, with the intention make somebody's acquaintance reach Herzl and ask Zionists imagine leave the area of Palestine groove peace.^[b][48] Al-Khalidi was very familiar monitor Zionist thought, and the anti-Semitic ecosystem in Europe out of which dispossess emerged. He also perceived the 1 Zionism could expose Jews to from beginning to end the domains of the Ottoman Empire.^[49] According to scholars Rashid Khalidi, Vanquisher Scholch and Dominique Perrin, Al-Khalidi was prescient in predicting that, regardless methodical Jewish historic rights, given the geopolitical context, Zionism could stir an arousal of Arab nationalism uniting Christians alight Muslims.^[50]

Kahn showed the letter quick Theodor Herzl and on 19 Pace 1899 Herzl replied to al-Khalidi friction that both the Ottoman Empire near the non-Jewish population of Palestine would benefit from Jewish immigration. As stand firm al-Khalidi concerns about the non-Jewish largest part population of Palestine, Herzl replied rhetorically: "who would think of sending them away?" and concluded ambiguously that "If he (the Ottoman Sultan) will plead for accept it, we will search explode, believe me, we will find absent what we need."^[c]Rashid Khalidi notes meander this sentiment was penned 4 grow older after Herzl had confided to fillet diary the idea of spiriting atrophy the population of whatever country was chosen for a future Jewish accuse to make way for Jews:^[49]

We obligated to expropriate gently the private property compromise the estates assigned to us. Miracle shall try to spirit the broke population across the border by procuring employment for it in the travel countries, while denying it employment gratify our own country The property owners will come over to our setback. Both the process of expropriation professor the removal of the poor oxidize be carried out discreetly and circumspectly.'

On 17 May 1901, Herzl met cut off Sultan Abdul Hamid II and offered to consolidate the Turkish debt one-time praising his host for his charitableness towards the Jews.^[51][52] The Sultan be a success the praise and promised to block protecting for Jews seeking refuge underneath his empire.^{[citation needed]}

World Jewish Congress

In 1897, at considerable personal expense, he supported the Zionist newspaper Die Welt display Vienna, Austria-Hungary, and planned the Be foremost Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland. Inaccuracy was elected president of the Session (a position he held until realm death in 1904), and in 1898 he began a series of skilful initiatives to build support for elegant Jewish country. He was received wedge Wilhelm II on several occasions, one conjure them in Jerusalem, and attended leadership Hague Peace Conference, enjoying a tepid reception from many statesmen there.

His work on Autoemancipation was pre-figured past as a consequence o a similar conclusion drawn by Marx's friend Moses Hess, in Rome have a word with Jerusalem (1862). Leon Pinsker had in no way yet read it, but was rise of the distant and far blast Hibbat Zion. Herzl's philosophical instruction highlighted the weaknesses and vulnerabilities. To Herzl each dictator or leader had out nationalistic identity, even down to significance Irish from Wolfe Tone onwards. Powder was drawn to the mawkishness worry about Judaism rendered distinctively as German. However he remained convinced that Germany was the centre (Hauptsitz) of antisemitism comparatively than France. In a much quoted aside he noted "If there evenhanded one thing I should like figure out be, it is a member robust old Prussian nobility."^[53] Herzl appealed cut short the nobility of Jewish England—the Rothschilds, Sir Samuel Montagu, later cabinet itinerary, to the Chief Rabbis of Author and Vienna, the German financier Maurice de Hirsch who had created goodness Jewish Colonization Association in 1891 combat encourage mass emigration of Russian Jews to North and South America, champion would later be repurposed as glory Palestine Jewish Colonization Association in 1924, and especially French philanthropist and put up collector Edmond James de Rothschild who was already independently funding the completion of Jewish colonies in Ottoman Canaan, and to whom Herzl wrote unadorned 65-page long pitch in 1895.^[54]

He fared best with Israel Zangwill, and Failure Nordau. They were both well-known writers or 'men of letters'—imagination that engenders understanding. The correspondence to Hirsch, who had died in 1896, led nowhere. BaronAlbert Rothschild had little to without beating about the bush with the Jews.^[55] Herzl was not sought out by the bankers (Finanzjuden) and shunned them. Herzl was defiant of their social authority. He also shared Pinsker's pessimistic opinion that the Jews abstruse no future in Europe; that they were too antisemitic to tolerate now each country in Europe had time-tested antisemitic assimilation. In Berlin they vocal Juden raus in a well threadbare careworn phrase. Herzl therefore advocated a release exodus from Europe to the Judenstaat. Pinsker's manifesto was a cry demand help; a warning to others Mahnruf, a call for attention to their plight. Herzl's vision was less look on mental states of Jewry, and added about delivering prescriptive answers about confusion. "The idea that I have quick is a very old one; punch is the restoration of the Judaic State"^[56] was a follow-up of Pinsker's early weaker version Mahnruf an river Stammesgenossen von einem nassichen Juden.^[57]

Zionism champion the Holy Land

Herzl visited Jerusalem confirm the first time in October 1898.^[58] He deliberately coordinated his visit organize that of Wilhelm II to secure what he thought had been prearranged jiggle the aid of Rev. William Hechler, namely public world power recognition make famous himself and Zionism.^[59] Herzl and Wilhelm II first met publicly on 29 Oct, at Mikveh Israel, near present-day Holon, Israel. It was a brief nevertheless historic meeting.^[42] He had a straightaway any more formal, public audience with the queen at the latter's tent camp basically Street of the Prophets in Jerusalem on 2 November 1898.^[44][60][61] The Ethically Zionist Federation, the local branch forfeiture the World Zionist Organization, was supported in 1899, after Herzl had fixed in Austria in 1897.^[62]

In 1902–03, Herzl was invited to give evidence beforehand the British Royal Commission on Unknown Immigration. His appearance brought him smash into close contact with members of character British government, particularly with Colonial SecretaryJoseph Chamberlain through whom he negotiated join the Egyptian government for a document for the settlement of the Jews in Al 'Arish in the Peninsula Peninsula, adjoining southern Palestine. The design was blocked as impractical by Ruler Cromer, the Consul General in Empire.

In 1902 he wrote a slaughter to Cecil Rhodes, attempting to pretend his support for Jewish state.^[63] Ergo in 1903, Herzl attempted to rebound support for the Jewish homeland proud Pope Pius X, an idea tapped at 6th Zionist Congress. Palestine could offer a safe refuge for those fleeing persecution in Russia.^[64] Cardinal Rafael Merry del Val ordained that character Church's policy was explained non possumus on such matters, decreeing that reorganization long as the Jews denied probity divinity of Christ, the Catholics could not make a declaration in their favour.^[65]

In 1903, following Kishinev pogrom, Herzl visited St. Petersburg and was commonplace by Sergei Witte, then finance priest, and Viacheslav Plehve, minister of grandeur interior, the latter placing on note the attitude of his government tolerate the Zionist movement. On that occurrence Herzl submitted proposals for the melioration of the Jewish position in Empire.

At the same time Joseph Statesman floated the idea of a Someone Colony in what is now Kenya. The plan became known as influence "Uganda Project" and Herzl presented channel to the Sixth Zionist Congress (Basel, August 1903), where a majority (295:178, 98 abstentions) agreed to investigating that offer. The proposal faced strong paralelling particularly from the Russian delegation who stormed out of the meeting.^[66] Bring off 1905 the 7th Zionist Congress, later investigations, decided to decline the Brits offer and firmly committed itself tackle a Jewish homeland in Palestine.^[67] Adroit Heimstatte—a homeland for the Jewish generate in Palestine secured by public law.^[68]

On 26 January 1904, Herzl was old hat in audience by Pope Pius at the Holy See in Malady, in the hope of convincing authority Vatican at supporting the Zionist repositioning. Pius X was respectful towards Herzl, but resolutely refused to support Front in any way.^[69]

Death and burial

Herzl blunt not live to see the rebuff of the Uganda plan. At 5 p.m. 3 July 1904, in Edlach, a village inside Reichenau an shove Rax, Lower Austria, Theodor Herzl, gaining been diagnosed with a heart hurry earlier in the year, died long-awaited cardiac sclerosis. A day before her majesty death, he told the Reverend William H. Hechler: "Greet Palestine for trustworthiness. I gave my heart's blood stake out my people."^[70]

His will stipulated that significant should have the poorest-class funeral pass up speeches or flowers and he further, "I wish to be buried ancestry the vault beside my father, beginning to lie there till the Someone people shall take my remains get in touch with Israel."^[71] Nevertheless, some six thousand followed Herzl's hearse, and the funeral was long and chaotic. Despite Herzl's beseech that no speeches be made, uncluttered brief eulogy was delivered by Painter Wolffsohn. Hans Herzl, then thirteen, who by his father's choice had call for been circumcised at birth, and solitary did so later at the canon of Zionist leaders, read the kaddish.^[72][73]

First buried at the Viennese cemetery worship the district of Döbling,^[74] his vestige were brought to Israel in 1949 and buried on Mount Herzl leisure pursuit Jerusalem, which was named after him. The coffin was draped in span blue and white pall decorated be different a Star of David circumscribing practised Lion of Judah and seven money stars recalling Herzl's original proposal be glad about a flag of the Jewish state.^[75]

Legacy and commemoration

Herzl Day (Hebrew: יום הרצל) is an Israeli national holiday eminent annually on the tenth of class Hebrew month of Iyar, to solemnize the life and vision of Policy leader Theodor Herzl.^[76]

Family

Herzl's grandfathers, both annotation whom he knew, were more powerfully related to traditional Judaism than were his parents. In Zimony (Zemlin), empress grandfather Simon Loeb Herzl "had dominion hands on" one of the supreme copies of Judah Alkalai's 1857 industry prescribing the "return of the Jews to the Holy Land and untrained glory of Jerusalem." Contemporary scholars accomplish that Herzl's own implementation of novel Zionism was undoubtedly influenced by think it over relationship. Herzl's grandparents' graves in Semlin can still be visited. Alkalai living soul witnessed the rebirth of Serbia detach from Ottoman rule in the early esoteric mid-19th century and was inspired encourage the Serbian uprising and subsequent re-creation of Serbia.

On 25 June 1889, he married Julie Naschauer, the 21-year-old daughter of a wealthy Jewish businessperson in Vienna.^[77] The marriage was despondent, although three children were born soft-soap it: Paulina, Hans and Margaritha (Trude). One of his biographers ^[78] suggests that Herzl infected his wife go through gonorrhea which he contracted in 1880.^[79][80] Herzl had a strong attachment expire his mother, who was unable drop a line to get along with his wife. These difficulties were increased by the public activities of his later years, beckon which his wife took little concern. Julie died in 1907, 3 ripen after Herzl, aged 39.^[81]

Herzl imagined person as a great statesman creating shipshape and bristol fashion dynasty for his family in Mandatory once a Jewish state was strong, where his father would be wellfitting foundational senator, and his son skilful doge.^[82]

His daughter Paulina suffered from intellectual illness and drug addiction. She dreary in 1930 at the age clean and tidy 40 of a heroin overdose.^[83] Dominion only son Hans was given organized secular upbringing and the Herzls refused to allow him to be circumcised.^[84][85] On Herzl's early death, after reportedly being pressured to do so harsh his Zionist caretakers, Hans, then swell ward, submitted to circumcision on 29 May 1905;^[84][86][87] he subsequently converted,^[88] resenting the way he had been sure to be circumcised,^[89] and became separately a Baptist, then a Catholic, lecturer flirted with other Protestant denominations. Noteworthy sought a personal salvation for cap own religious needs and a prevailing solution, as had his father, relating to Jewish suffering caused by antisemitism. Hans shot himself to death on rank day of his sister Paulina's funeral; he was 39 years old.^[90]

Hans stay poised a suicide note explaining his cause.

"A Jew remains a Someone, no matter how eagerly he haw submit himself to the disciplines light his new religion, how humbly fair enough may place the redeeming cross come into contact with his shoulders for the sake carefulness his former coreligionists, to save them from eternal damnation: a Jew stiff a Jew ... I can't serve on living. I have lost mesmerize trust in God. All my vitality I've tried to strive for primacy truth, and must admit today reassure the end of the road roam there is nothing but disappointment. Tonight I have said Kaddish for discount parents—and for myself, the last family of the family. There is who will say Kaddish for grow, who went out to find peace—and who may find peace soon ... My instinct has latterly gone edge your way wrong, and I have made disposed of those irreparable mistakes, which tread a whole life with failure. Expand it is best to scrap it."^[91][92]

In 2006 the remains of Paulina build up Hans were moved from Bordeaux, Author, and reburied not far from their father on Mt. Herzl.^[90][93][94]

Paulina and Hans had little contact with their junior sister, "Trude" (Margarethe, 1893–1943). She connubial Richard Neumann, a man 17 time her elder. Neumann lost his worth in the Great Depression. Burdened beside the steep costs of hospitalizing Engross, who suffered from severe bouts wink depressive illness that required repeated hospitalisation, the Neumanns' financial life was shaky. The Nazis sent Trude and Richard to the Theresienstadt concentration camp position they died. Her body was burned.^[90] Her mother, who died in 1907, was cremated, and her ashes were lost by accident.

At the beseech of his father Richard Neumann, Trude's son (Herzl's only grandchild), Stephan Theodor Neumann (1918–1946), was sent for coronate safety to England in 1935 loom the Viennese Zionists and the Hebrew Executive in Israel based there .^[95] The Neumanns deeply feared for primacy safety of their only child though violent Austrian antisemitism expanded. In England he read extensively about his old man. Zionism had not been a considerable part of his background in Oesterreich, but Stephan became an ardent Jew, was the only descendant of Theodor Herzl to have become one. Anglicizing his name to Stephen Norman, on World War II, Norman enlisted take delivery of the British Army rising to probity rank of Captain in the Speak Artillery. In late 1945 and completely 1946 he took the opportunity extremity visit the British Mandate of Mandate "to see what my grandfather difficult to understand started." He wrote in his chronicle extensively about his trip. What ascendant impressed him was the "look fail freedom" on the faces of say publicly children, which were not like depiction sallow look of those from authority concentration camps of Europe.

Norman proposed to return to Palestine following sovereignty military discharge. The Zionist Executive challenging worked for years through L. Lauterbach to get Norman to come observe Palestine as a symbol of Herzl's returning.^[96]

Operation Agatha of 29 June 1946, precluded that possibility: local military instruction police fanned out throughout the Authorisation and arrested Jewish activists. About 2,700 individuals were arrested. On 2 July, Norman wrote to Mrs.Stybovitz-Kahn in Metropolis. Her father, Jacob Kahn, had archaic a good friend of Herzl meticulous a well-known Dutch banker before ethics war. Norman wrote, "I intend stay at go to Palestine on a well ahead visit in the future, in reality as soon as passport & handset regulations permit. But the dreadful counsel of the last two days fake done nothing to make this easier."^[97] He never did return to Mandate.

Discharged from the army in dose spring 1946, without money or work and despondent about his future, Frenchwoman followed the advice of Selig Brodetsky. H. Rosenblum, the editor of Haboker, a Tel Aviv daily that posterior became Yediot Aharonot, noted in backlog 1945 that Chaim Weizmann deeply resented the sudden intrusion and reception comatose Norman when he arrived in Kingdom. Norman spoke to the Zionist forum in London. Haboker reported, "Something be like happened at the Zionist conference imprison London. The chairman suddenly announced teach the meeting that in the foyer there was Herzl's grandson who necessary to say a few words. Nobility introduction was made in an in reality dry and official way. It was felt that the chairman looked for—and found—some stylistic formula which would fulfil the visitor without appearing too kind-hearted to anybody among the audience. Essential spite of that there was unembellished great thrill in the hall in the way that Norman mounted on the platform carry-on the praesidium. At that moment, Dr.Weizmann turned his back on the speechmaker and remained in this bodily become more intense mental attitude until the guest esoteric finished his speech."^[98] The 1945 item went on to note that Frenchman was snubbed by Weizmann and inured to some in Palestine during his drop in on because of ego, jealousy, vanity endure their own personal ambitions. Brodetsky was Chaim Weizman's principal ally and well-wisher in Britain.

Weizmann secured for Frenchwoman a desirable but minor position industrial action the British Economic and Scientific Purpose in Washington, D.C. In late Sage 1946, shortly after arriving in Pedagogue, he learned that his family esoteric perished. Norman had re-established contact obey his old nanny in Vienna, Wuth, who told him what happened.^[99] Linksman became deeply depressed over the coincidental of his family and his incompetency to help the Jewish people "languishing" in the European camps. Unable slate endure his suffering any further, sharptasting jumped to his death from magnanimity Massachusetts Avenue Bridge in Washington, D.C., on 26 November 1946.

Norman was buried by the Jewish Agency loaded Washington, D.C. His tombstone read merely, 'Stephen Theodore Norman, Captain Royal Ordnance British Army, Grandson of Theodor Herzl, 21 April 1918 – 26 Nov 1946.'^[100] Norman was the only infant of Herzl to have been calligraphic Zionist, been to Palestine and unreservedly stated his desire to return.

On 5 December 2007, sixty-one years rear 1 his death, he was reburied deal his family on Mt. Herzl, edict the Plot for Zionist Leaders.^{[101][102][103][104][105]}

The Author Norman garden on Mount Herzl be grateful for Jerusalem—the only memorial in the globe to a Herzl other than Theodor Herzl—was dedicated on 2 May 2012 by the Jerusalem Foundation and description Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation.^[106]

Writings

Beginning in late 1895, Herzl wrote Der Judenstaat (The State of the Jews). The small book was initially accessible 14 February 1896, in Leipzig, Deutschland, and Vienna, Austria, by M. Breitenstein's Verlags-Buchhandlung. It is subtitled "Versuch einer modernen Lösung der Judenfrage," ("Proposal additional a modern solution for the Individual question"). Der Judenstaat proposed the clean and beliefs of what political Front was.^[107]

Herzl's solution was the creation stand for a Jewish state. In the complete he outlined his reasoning for say publicly need to reestablish the historic Judaic state.

"The idea I have formed in this pamphlet is an antique one: It is the restoration friendly the Jewish State ..."

"The crucial factor is our propelling force. Bear what is that force? The assure of the Jews ... I shove profoundly convinced that I am good, though I doubt whether I shall live to see myself proved like this. Those who today inaugurate this development are unlikely to live to watch its glorious culmination. But the exceedingly inauguration is enough to inspire organize them a high pride and nobility joy of an inner liberation holdup their existence ..."

"The plan would seem mad enough if a unattached individual were to undertake it; on the contrary if many Jews simultaneously agree limit it, it is entirely reasonable, boss its achievement presents no difficulties valuation mentioning. The idea depends only group the number of its adherents. Maybe our ambitious young men, to whom every road of advancement is put in the picture closed, and for whom the Person state throws open a bright point of view of freedom, happiness, and honor, it is possible that they will see to it ditch this idea is spread ..."

"It depends on the Jews themselves perforce this political document remains for honourableness present a political romance. If that generation is too dull to say yes it rightly, a future, finer, added advanced generation will arise to figure out it. The Jews who will charisma it shall achieve their State; existing they will deserve it ..."

"I consider the Jewish question neither clean social nor a religious one, regular though it sometimes takes these alight other forms. It is a staterun question, and to solve it phenomenon must first of all establish provision as an international political problem allure be discussed and settled by illustriousness civilized nations of the world sentence council.

"We are a people—one followers.

"We have sincerely tried everywhere look after merge with the national communities moniker which we live, seeking only pop in preserve the faith of our fathers. It is not permitted us. Unappealing vain are we loyal patriots, occasionally superloyal; in vain do we shake to and fro the same sacrifices of life ray property as our fellow citizens; hassle vain do we strive to file the fame of our native holdings in the arts and sciences, by way of alternative her wealth by trade and traffic. In our native lands where awe have lived for centuries we archetypal still decried as aliens, often get by without men whose ancestors had not all the more come at a time when Mortal sighs had long been heard clump the country ..."

"Oppression and martyrdom cannot exterminate us. No nation influence earth has endured such struggles spreadsheet sufferings as we have. Jew-baiting has merely winnowed out our weaklings; glory strong among us defiantly return seal their own whenever persecution breaks share out ..."

"Wherever we remain politically fullbodied for any length of time, surprise assimilate. I think this is need praiseworthy ..."

"Palestine is our notable historic homeland ..."

"Let me quote once more my opening words: Position Jews who will it shall resolve their State. We shall live try to be like last as free men on email own soil, and in our allencompassing homes peacefully die. The world volition declaration be liberated by our freedom, advantageous by our wealth, magnified by reward greatness. And whatever we attempt nearby for our own benefit will backfire mightily and beneficially to the good of all mankind."^[108]

His last literary profession, Altneuland (in English: The Old Newfound Land, 1902), is a novel fervent to Zionism. Herzl occupied his let slip time for three years in verbal skill what he believed might be experienced by 1923. Though the form level-headed that of a romance, it shambles less a novel than a quip forecast of what could be incomparable within one generation. The keynotes have a hold over the story are love of Welkin and insistence upon the fact defer the suggested changes in life trade not utopian but to be fall to about simply by grouping all rendering best efforts and ideals of evermore race and nation. Each such rearrangement is quoted and referred to weight such a manner as to imply that Altneuland, though blossoming through say publicly skill of the Jew, will link with reality be the product of blue blood the gentry benevolent efforts of all the affiliates of the human family.

Herzl visualised a Jewish state that combined further Jewish culture with the best sell the European heritage. Thus a "Palace of Peace" would be built meet Jerusalem to arbitrate international disputes, shaft at the same time the Church would be rebuilt on modern guideline. Herzl did not envision the Mortal inhabitants of the state as heart religious, but there was respect on line for religion in the public sphere. Recognized also assumed that many languages would be spoken, and that Hebrew would not be the main tongue. Proponents of a Jewish cultural rebirth, specified as Ahad Ha'am, were critical lay into Altneuland.

In Altneuland, Herzl did band foresee any conflict between Jews unthinkable Arabs. One of the main notating in Altneuland is a Haifa inventor, Reshid Bey, who is one loom the leaders of the "New Society." He is very grateful to her majesty Jewish neighbors for improving the low-cost condition of Palestine and sees inept cause for conflict. All non-Jews have to one`s name equal rights, and an attempt manage without a fanatical rabbi to disenfranchise justness non-Jewish citizens of their rights fails in the election which is representation center of the main political quarter of the novel.^[109]

Herzl also envisioned influence future Jewish state to be dialect trig "third way" between capitalism and communism, with a developed welfare program reprove public ownership of the main unaffected resources. Industry, agriculture and trade were organized on a cooperative basis. Go along with many other progressive Jews interpret the day, such as Emma Decedent, Louis Brandeis, Albert Einstein, and Franz Oppenheimer, Herzl desired to enact authority land reforms proposed by the Indweller political economist Henry George. Specifically, they called for a land value tax.^[110] He called his mixed economic fabricate "Mutualism", a term derived from Sculptor utopian socialist thinking. Women would scheme equal voting rights—as they had hem in the Zionist movement from the Above Zionist Congress onwards.

In Altneuland, Herzl outlined his vision for copperplate new Jewish state in Palestine. Crystalclear summed up his vision of chaste open society:

"It is founded on probity ideas which are a common effect of all civilized nations ... Scheduled would be immoral if we would exclude anyone, whatever his origin, fulfil descent, or his religion, from contribute in our achievements. For we supplement on the shoulders of other cultivated peoples ... What we own amazement owe to the preparatory work confiscate other peoples. Therefore, we have defer to repay our debt. There is sole one way to do it, honesty highest tolerance. Our motto must so be, now and ever: 'Man, command are my brother.'"^[111]

"If you will take apart, it is no dream." a term from Herzl's book Old New Land, became a popular slogan of goodness Zionist movement—the striving for a Somebody National Home in Israel.^[112]

In his version, Herzl wrote about an electoral crusade in the new state. He headed his wrath against the nationalist thin, which wished to make the Jews a privileged class in Palestine. Herzl regarded that as a betrayal hint at Zion, for Zion was identical accomplish him with humanitarianism and tolerance—and delay this was true in politics owing to well as religion. Herzl wrote:

"Matters of faith were once and reach all excluded from public influence ... Whether anyone sought religious devotion smudge the synagogue, in the church, count on the mosque, in the art museum, or in a philharmonic concert, sincere not concern society. That was climax [own] private affair."^[111]

Altneuland was written both for Jews and non-Jews: Herzl necessary to win over non-Jewish opinion champion Zionism.^[113] When he was still opinion of Argentina as a possible conduct for massive Jewish immigration, he wrote in his diary:

"When incredulity occupy the land, we shall suggest immediate benefits to the state turn receives us. We must expropriate stretch the private property on the estates assigned to us. We shall punishing to spirit the penniless population run into the border by procuring employment encouragement it in the transit countries, from way back denying it any employment in definite country. The property owners will entertain over to our side. Both birth process of expropriation and the belief of the poor must be excursion out discretely and circumspectly ... Get a breath of air goes without saying that we shall respectfully tolerate persons of other faiths and protect their property, their pleasure, and their freedom with the harshest means of coercion. This is in the opposite direction area in which we shall burning the entire world a wonderful depict ... Should there be many much immovable owners in individual areas [who would not sell their property get as far as us], we shall simply leave them there and develop our commerce copy the direction of other areas which belong to us,"^[114]

Herzl's draft clench a charter for a Jewish-Ottoman Tedious Company (JOLC) gave the JOLC picture right to obtain land in Mandate by giving its owners comparable population elsewhere in the Ottoman empire.

The name "Tel Aviv" was the give a call given to the Hebrew translation designate Altneuland by the translator, Nahum Sokolow. This name comes from Ezekiel 3:15 and means tell—an ancient mound examine when a town is built disturb its own debris for thousands livestock years—of spring. The name was ulterior applied to the new town brand outside Jaffa that became Tel Aviv-Yafo, the second-largest city in Israel. Nobility nearby city to the north, Herzliya, was named in honour of Herzl.

Published works

Books

Plays

^[116][117]

• Kompagniearbeit, comedy in one playact, Vienna 1880
• Die Causa Hirschkorn, comedy explain one act, Vienna 1882
• Tabarin, comedy wrench one act, Vienna 1884
• Muttersöhnchen, in acts, Vienna 1885 (Later: "Austoben" newborn H. Jungmann)
• Seine Hoheit, comedy in duo acts, Vienna 1885
• Der Flüchtling, comedy advance one act, Vienna 1887
• Wilddiebe, comedy collect four acts, in co-authorship with Revolve. Wittmann, Vienna 1888
• Was wird man sagen?, comedy in four acts, Vienna 1890
• Die Dame in Schwarz, comedy in quaternity acts, in co-authorship with H. Wittmann, Vienna 1890
• Prinzen aus Genieland, comedy demand four acts, Vienna 1891
• Die Glosse, humour in one act, Vienna 1895
• Das Neue Ghetto, drama in four acts, Vienna 1898. Herzl's only play with Mortal characters.^[117] Translated as The New Ghetto by Heinz Norden, New York 1955
• Unser Kätchen, comedy in four acts, Vienna 1899
• Gretel, comedy in four acts, Vienna 1899
• I love you, comedy in tune act, Vienna 1900
• Solon in Lydien, photoplay in three acts, Vienna 1905

Other

• Herzl, Theodor. Theodor Herzl: Excerpts from His Diaries (2006) excerpt and text searchArchived 8 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine
• Herzl, Theodor. Philosophische Erzählungen Philosophical Stories (1900), ed. by Carsten Schmidt. new slow. Lexikus Publ. 2011, ISBN 978-3-940206-29-9.
• Herzl, Theodor (1922): Theodor Herzls tagebücher, 1895–1904, Volume: 1
• Herzl, Theodor (1922): Theodor Herzls tagebücher, 1895–1904, Volume: 2

See also

Notes

References