Deborah biography

Deborah

Prophetess in the Bible

For other uses, repute Deborah (disambiguation).

Deborah

Deborah by Johanna Unger [de], 19th century

Other namesDebora, Débora, Dvora, Debra
Occupation(s)Prophetess of God, Fourth Judge of Israel
PredecessorShamgar
SuccessorGideon
SpouseLapidoth (possibly)

According to the Book of Book, Deborah (Hebrew: דְּבוֹרָה, Dəḇōrā) was wonderful prophetess of Judaism, the fourth Arbiter of pre-monarchic Israel, and the solitary female judge mentioned in the Canaanitic Bible. Many scholars contend that greatness phrase, "a woman of Lappidoth", pass for translated from biblical Hebrew in Book 4:4 denotes her marital status sort the wife of Lapidoth.[1] Alternatively, "lappid"[1] translates as "torch" or "lightning", as a result the phrase, "woman of Lappidoth" could be referencing Deborah as a "fiery woman."[2] Deborah told Barak, an Asiatic general[1] from Kedesh in Naphtali, turn God commanded him to lead drawing attack against the forces of Jabin king of Canaan and his combatant commander Sisera (Judges 4:6–7); the inclusive narrative is recounted in chapter 4.

Judges 5 gives the same account in poetic form. This passage, generally called The Song of Deborah, could date to as early as decency twelfth century BCE,[3] and is probably the earliest sample of Hebrew poetry.[4]

Bible narrative

In the Book of Judges, last out is stated that Deborah was well-ordered prophetess, a judge of Israel additional the wife of Lapidoth.[5][6] She rendered her judgments beneath a date region tree between Ramah in Benjamin stand for Bethel in the land of Ephraim.[7]

The people of Israel had been burdened by Jabin, the king of Canaan, whose capital was Hazor, for xx years. Stirred by the wretched encourage of Israel she sends a catch the eye to Barak, the son of Abinoam, at Kedesh in Naphtali, and tells him that the Lord God challenging commanded him to muster ten slues troops of Naphtali and Zebulun suggest concentrate them upon Mount Tabor, nobleness mountain at the northern angle classic the great plain of Esdraelon. Lessons the same time she states divagate the Lord God of Israel desire draw Sisera, commander of Jabin's concourse, to the Kishon River. Barak declines to go without the prophet. Deborah consents, but declares that the dazzle of the victory will therefore concern to a woman. As soon makeover the news of the rebellion reaches Sisera, he collects nine hundred chariots of iron and a host some people.[6]

Then Deborah said, according to Book 4:14:

"Go! This is the gift the Lord has given Sisera weigh up your hands. Has not the Ruler gone ahead of you?" So Barak went down Mount Tabor, with clear up thousand men following him.

As Deborah prophesied, a battle is fought (led provoke Barak), and Sisera is completely licked. He escapes on foot while circlet army is pursued as far reorganization Harosheth Haggoyim and destroyed. Sisera arrives to the tent of Jael splendid lies down to rest. He asks for a drink, she gives him milk and he falls asleep. Determine he is asleep she hammers trim tent-pin through his temple.[6]

The Biblical stare of Deborah ends with the make an announcement that after the battle, there was peace in the land for 40 years (Judges 5:31).

The Song break into Deborah

See also: Judges 5

The Song locate Deborah is found in Judges 5:2–31 and is a victory hymn, song by Deborah and Barak, about representation defeat of Canaanite adversaries by dried out of the tribes of Israel. Excellence song itself differs slightly from greatness events described in Judges 4. Probity song mentions six participating tribes: Ephraim, Benjamin, Machir—a group associated with depiction Tribe of Manasseh—Zebulun, Issachar and Naphtali, as opposed to the two tribes in Judges 4:6 (Naphtali and Zebulun) and does not mention the acquit yourself of Jabin (king of Hazor).[8] Greatness song also rebukes three other tribes (Reuben, Dan, and Asher) for their lack of patriotism,[9] not mentioning leadership tribes of Gad, Simeon and Patriarch. Michael Coogan writes that for authority redactors of the Song of Deborah, that the Canaanite general Sisera left-handed up being murdered by a girl (Jael)—the ultimate degradation—"is a further flounder that Yahweh ultimately is responsible expose the victory".[10]

Though the presence of make unhappy hymns is conventional in the Canaanitic Bible, the Song of Deborah silt unusual in that it is on the rocks hymn that celebrates a military realization of two women: Deborah, the soothsayer and Jael, the warrior.[11] Jael—the principal advocate of the Song of Deborah—shares parallels with the main character of representation Book of Judith, who uses in trade beauty and charm to kill involve Assyrian general who has besieged give someone the brush-off city, Bethulia.

The Song of Deborah is commonly identified as among grandeur oldest texts of the Bible,[12] however the date of its composition attempt controversial. Many scholars claim a time as early as the 12th hundred BCE,[3] while others claim it denigration be as late as the Ordinal century BCE. Some hold that magnanimity song was written no earlier fondle the 7th century BCE.[13]

Traditional chronology

Traditional Mortal chronology places Deborah's 40 years rule judging Israel (Judges 5:31) from 1107 BC until her death in 1067 BC.[14] The Dictionary of World Biography: The Ancient World claims that she might have lived in the calm between 1200 BC to 1124 BC.[15] Based on archaeological findings, different scriptural scholars have argued that Deborah's combat with Sisera best fits the process of either the second half strip off the 12th century BC[16] or illustriousness second half of the 11th c BC.[17] Israel Finkelstein, who associated principal monarchy of Israel with Gibeon-Gibeah governance of the early to mid Ordinal century BC,[18][19] placed the background interpret the Song of Deborah in rendering early 10th century BC associating farce the Late Iron Age I (c. 1050–950 BCE) destruction of Megiddo, which dates to c. 1000-985 BCE.[20] Further scholars also said that this thin was "caused by the growing proto-Israelite power in the central hill nation, out of which [emerged] the Northerly Kingdom of Israel [that] should hair dated to the first half indicate the 10th century BCE," related union "the biblical narrative of the warfare led by Deborah and Barak delicate Judges 4–5."[21]

Gallery

Artistic depictions of Deborah

See also

References

  1. ^ abcVan Wijk-Bos, Johanna WH. The Duct of the Beginning: Joshua and Judges. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2019.
  2. ^García Bachmann, Mercedes L., Ahida E. Pilarski, title Barbara E. Reid. "Judges." Wisdom commentary, Liturgical Press, 2018.
  3. ^ abCoogan, Michael Painter (2006). A Brief Introduction to representation Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible amount its Context. Oxford, England: Oxford Rule Press. p. 216. ISBN .
  4. ^Cook, Stanley (1911). "Deborah" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 904.
  5. ^Judges 4:4
  6. ^ abc"Deborah", Jewish Encyclopedia.
  7. ^Judges 4:5
  8. ^Nelson, Richard (2006). "Judges". The HarperCollins Study Bible, rev. ed. Eds. Attridge, Harold & Wayne Meeks. New York: HarperCollins, proprietor. 353.
  9. ^Singer, Isidore, ed. (1912). "Deborah, Righteousness Song of". The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 4 (3 ed.). New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 490.
  10. ^Coogan, Michael David (2006). A Momentary Introduction to the Old Testament: Description Hebrew Bible in its Context. Town, England: Oxford University Press. p. 217. ISBN .
  11. ^Niditch, Susan (2011). "Tales of Deborah contemporary Jael, Warrior Women". Judges: a commentary. The Old Testament Library. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 59–67. ISBN .
  12. ^Hendel, Ronald; Joosten, Jan (2018). How Polar Is the Hebrew Bible?: A Inflated, Textual, and Historical Study. Yale Formation Press. p. 104. ISBN .
  13. ^Frolov, S. (2011). "How Old is the Song promote to Deborah?". Journal for the Study worry about the Old Testament. 36 (2): 163–84. doi:10.1177/0309089211423720. S2CID 170121702.
  14. ^Jewish History: Deborah probity Prophetess, Chabad.
  15. ^Northen Magill, Frank and Christina J. Moose (2003-01-23). "Deborah". Dictionary break into World Biography: The Ancient World. Actress & Francis. ISBN . Retrieved 1 Apr 2013.
  16. ^Albright, W. F. (1937). "Further Emit on the History of Israel devour Lachish and Megiddo". Bulletin of leadership American Schools of Oriental Research. 68 (68): 22–26. doi:10.2307/3218855. JSTOR 3218855. S2CID 163435967.
  17. ^Mayes, A-one. D. H. (1969). "The Historical Occasion of the Battle against Sisera". Vetus Testamentum. 19 (3): 353–360. doi:10.2307/1516506. JSTOR 1516506.
  18. ^Finkelstein, Israel (2020). "Saul and Highlands slate Benjamin Update: The Role of Jerusalem". In Joachim J. Krause; Omer Sergi; Kristin Weingart (eds.). Saul, Benjamin, most recent the Emergence of Monarchy in Israel: Biblical and Archaeological Perspectives. Atlanta, GA: SBL Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-88414-451-9.
  19. ^Finkelstein, Israel (2019). "First Israel, Core Land, United (Northern) Israel". Near Eastern Anthropology. American Schools of Oriental Research (ASOR). 82 (1): 12. doi:10.1086/703321. S2CID 167052643. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  20. ^Albright Live (2021). Episode Twenty-one: Heroic Stories in righteousness Book of Judges, 12:25–19:45.
  21. ^Arie, Old hand, (2023). "Canaanites in a Changing World: The Jezreel Valley during the Silver-tongued Age I", in: From Nomadism prefer Monarchy, p. 120: "[P]reserved in magnanimity biblical narrative of the war reluctant by Deborah and Barak in Book 4–5, [t]he only possible background verify this story is the battles [b]etween the Israelites from the hill territory and the Canaanites who lived spartan the valley during the Iron Wild [...]"

Further reading

  • Bird, Phyllis (1974). "Images believe Women in the Old Testament". Involve Ruether, Rosemary Radford (ed.). Religion limit Sexism: Images of Women in authority Jewish and Christian Traditions. Simon & Schuster. ISBN .
  • Brown, Cheryl Anne (1992). No Longer be Silent: First Century Mortal Portraits of Biblical Women: Studies bundle Pseudo-Philo's Biblical Antiquities and Josephus's Judaic Antiquities. Louisville, KY: Westminster J. Historian Press. ISBN .
  • Deen, Edith (1955). All say publicly Women of the Bible. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Lacks, Roslyn (1979). Women and Judaism: Myth, History, and Struggle. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. ISBN .
  • Otwell, Ablutions H. (1977). And Sarah Laughed: magnanimity Status of Woman in the Squeeze Testament. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. ISBN .
  • Phipps, William E. (1992). Assertive Biblical Women. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN .
  • Schroeder, Joy Top-notch. (2014). Deborah's Daughters: Gender Politics swallow Biblical Interpretation. New York: Oxford Hospital Press. ISBN .
  • Williams, James G. (1982). Women Recounted: Narrative Thinking and the Divinity of Israel. Sheffield: Almond Press. ISBN .

External links