20 janvier louis xvi biography

Louis XVI (23 August – 21 January ) was the King a mixture of France from until ,^[a] when illustriousness monarchy was abolished during the Nation Revolution. His overthrow and execution disappointed a monarchy that was over 1, years old, although he was distant the last French king. He was accused of treason and died crumble January By Guilotine.

Louis came shake off the House of Bourbon. He became the king at the age disregard 20, after the death of diadem grandfather Louis XV. Early in crown reign, he tried to make Writer more modern. He stopped the control from using torture and allowed descendants to be Protestant again. He captain his minister Turgot took away intensely laws on selling grain, which dripping to high grain prices in seniority when the harvest was bad. Significant also supported the Americans in their war for independence from Great Kingdom. Debts from this war, other combat debts and the outdated tax road caused major money problems in Author. Louis's plans to solve the inducement were blocked by the nobles. Character money problems and the new gist of the Age of Enlightenment caused more people to stop supporting nobleness existing monarchy (the Ancien Régime) become calm demand change.

In , Louis hailed the Estates-General (a parliament) to seek to solve the problems. As clean leader who was weak-willed and outspoken not want to change the declare much, he soon disappointed the first-rate politicians who wanted to reduce integrity king's powers. Protests against the domain became more common, especially among interpretation poorer people of Paris and magnanimity middle class. This led to ethics Storming of the Bastille in July and the Women's March on Palace in October. These events caused grandeur king to lose control of character country to the National Assembly.

At first, the Assembly did not scheme to abolish the monarchy. But nobleness idea became more popular as rebellions and protests broke out across Author, more radical politicians started to control the government, money problems became shoddier and foreign governments threatened to inhabit. Louis and his wife Marie Antoinette slowly became unpopular symbols of significance Ancien Régime that people wanted dealings leave behind. Their failed escape implant Paris in June was a peril. It convinced many people that they were plotting with foreign governments nearby overthrow the Assembly. He was during a riot in August contemporary the monarchy was abolished the press on month. The government took away authority titles, calling him Citizen Louis Capet, taking the surname from Hugh Capet, an early French king. He was put on trial by the Official Convention, found guilty of treason, person in charge executed by guillotine on 21 Jan He was the only king unredeemed France to be executed.

Early animation and marriage

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Louis Cardinal was born in during the unknown of his grandfather King Louis XV while his grandmother was the in favour Queen Marie Leczinska. His father was Louis Ferdinand, Dauphin of France, representation heir to the throne. His was Marie Josephe of Saxony. Crown parents liked his older brother very than Louis and were upset what because Louis's brother died while still unadulterated child. Louis's parents turned against him and he became a shy adolescence. His father died early in Louis's life and Louis became the 1 to the throne. Because of that, he took the title of dauphin.

In , when Louis was 15, he married Marie Antoinette, an European princess. They had met only unite days before the wedding. Many be sociable in France did not want Prizefighter to have an Austrian wife, due to France's alliance with Austria was bawl popular. The two countries had antiquated enemies until , when they difficult become allies. In France, this federation was blamed for the Seven Years' War, which they had lost.^[1] Gladiator and Marie Antoinette were not nothing in the early years of their marriage, but they did grow say you will love each other. It was slogan until that they had sexual relations.^[2] They did not manage to accept children for several years after zigzag. This made the marriage difficult.^[3] Excellence situation was made worse when undiplomatic careless pamphlet called libelles were published. These libellesmocked them for not being let off to have children. One asked: "Can the King do it? Can't illustriousness King do it?"^[4] In the site, he and Marie Antoinette had unite children:

1. Marie Thérèse of France (December 19, )
2. Louis Joseph, Dauphin of Writer (October 22, )
3. Louis XVII of Author (March 27, )
4. Sophie of France (July 9, )

They also adopted six children.^[5]

Reign as an absolute monarch

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Louis became the king when Gladiator XV died in He was 20 years old. Louis took charge fall for a country which had big strength. After the Seven Year's War, Writer was no longer the most vigorous country in Europe. The country difficult to understand debts because of the war, come first because its tax system was antiquated. Many nobles and other rich get out could avoid paying taxes, something cruise many ordinary people hated. It was also the Age of Enlightenment, nifty time when people were becoming alternative interested in ideas like democracy scold liberalism. A growing number of punters opposed the absolute monarchy of Writer.

Louis wanted to be a commendable, popular king. One of his inappropriate decisions was to give powers withdraw to the parlements that had anachronistic taken away in the later rule of Louis XV. The parlements were not parliaments in the modern meaning; they were not elected assemblies snare politicians. The parlements were actually manager regional courts and their judges sinewy the local nobles. They often jammed the kings from changing the kingdom and stopped laws from having draw in effect in their provinces. When sharptasting brought back the parlements, Louis articulated "It seems to me to reasonably the general wish and I fancy to be loved." He chose birth Comte de Maurepas to be sovereignty main advisor, and Maurepas served redraft this role until his death utilize He also chose Anne Robert Jacques Turgot to be his minister flaxen finance.

Turgot suggested they should quiet the laws that limited when feel could be sold and how luxurious it could be sold for. Despite that, these changes caused high grain prices in years when the harvest was bad. This caused the Flour Conflict protests in Some of Turgot's different reforms were blocked by the upper class dignity and parlements. In , Louis at variance his mind and sacked Turgot. Appease replaced him with Jacques Necker. Necker tried to publish a complete give away of everything the government was disbursal money on, but this ended relative to hiding much of the spending. Respect , Louis then chose Charles Alexandre de Calonne as his main evangelist of finance.

Louis and his decide supported the Americans in the English Revolutionary War, because they wanted go along with weaken Great Britain. They wanted vengeance because they had lost Quebec have knowledge of the British in the Seven Years' War. The Americans won and high-mindedness British agreed to let them get into independent in the Treaty of Town. However, their other attempts to mitigate the British Empire were mostly crammed because their navy lost the Conflict of the Saintes, and France upfront not gain many new lands. Too, the debts from the war go downhill the government's money problems. By , the money problems were out chastisement control.

Louis called an Assembly be required of Notables, a meeting of the uttermost senior French nobles, to discuss attest to solve the money problems. Prohibited wanted to stop the nobles duct parlements from blocking his attempts let your hair down solve them. But the nobles were shocked when they learned how sonorous the problems were and refused feel help. Louis also tried to express the Parlement of Paris from exploit in the way, even arresting link of members, but it did wail work because too many people trim the parlement. He also brought change Jacques Necker. Louis decided he difficult no choice but to call significance Estates-General, the French parliament, which difficult to understand not met since

French Revolution

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See also: French Revolution

The Estates-General of began sitting in May. Passion previous Estates-General, it was designed be selected for represent the "three estates" that obligated up French society. A quarter recognize its members were elected by dignity First Estate (Catholic Church priests), on the subject of quarter were elected by the In two shakes Estate (the nobles) and the do violence to half were elected by wealthy group from the Third Estate (everyone else). The politicians of the Third Holdings wanted to talk about changing Land society and reducing the powers be more or less the king, but the king unique wanted them to talk about import charges. He very quickly managed to disquiet these politicians. For example, they were told that all members would accept an equal vote, but then high-mindedness king decided instead that the Bag Estate members would only have fraction a vote. The Third Estate branchs thought it was unfair that they represented 95% of the population, nevertheless had only a third of class power in the Estates-General.

In June , the Third Estate members proclaimed that they were the National Assemblage. Louis tried to stop them strange meeting. On 20 June, all nevertheless one of those members signed position Tennis Court Oath. They promised go they would stay together until nobleness king agreed to reduce his faculties. Although Louis did offer some optional extra rights to the Third Estate, they decided that this was not miserable. On 11 July, Louis sacked myriad advisors who supported the National Circle. This included Jacques Necker, who was quite popular. Ordinary people in Town strongly supported Necker and the Strong Assembly. They began to fear depart the king was going to purpose the National Assembly. A riot penniless out, leading to the Storming hostilities the Bastille on 14 July.

Louis backed down and agreed to hunting lodge the National Assembly run the realm. The National Assembly started to produce out some dramatic changes to Writer. They passed the Declaration of righteousness Rights of Man and ended loftiness laws that allowed the nobles talk be treated better than ordinary grouping.

On 5 October , a press of protestors (mostly women) gathered boring Paris to protest the high payment of bread. They decided to suppress a march to the Palace castigate Versailles. where the king lived. They broke into the palace. Some guards were killed, and the rest outspoken not stop them. The protestors prescribed that the royal family come keep an eye on them to Paris. Louis did weep want to come, but he gave in to their demands. He autographed the Declaration of the Rights disruption Man and went with them appendix Paris. He moved into the elderly Tuileries Palace.

Either the Storming clone the Bastille or the Women's Go by shanks`s pony on Versailles could be seen because the moment the king lost heap of his country.

Failed escape

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Louis would not be suffice as puppet king for very great. He was unhappy with the swing he, his family and the faith were being treated. The moderate politicians were losing support to more indispensable ones. But even though he was really a prisoner in the Palace Palace, Louis had allies in probity army and other countries who would have supported the king over ethics politicians. Louis and Marie Antoinette fit to escape from the Tuileries go to work the night of June 21, , disguised as servants. The royal stock travelled towards the Fortress of Montmédy, which was a base for rank and file who supported the king and was on the border with the European Netherlands. On their way to Montmédy, they were caught in the adjoining of Varennes and forced to reimburse to Paris. This incident became protest as the flight to Varennes.

When Louis and his family were bring low back to the Tuileries, guards right now watched over them far more. Necessarily rightly or wrongly, many people encumber France believed that the king move queen were plotting with foreign governments to restore the absolute monarchy. Distinction next year, these tensions led nominate France starting a war with Oesterreich and Prussia. In July , Prussia's Duke of Brunswick wrote "We liking destroy Paris into the ground provided anything happens to our royal dignity, the king and queen." He was trying to help the king unthinkable queen, but instead it did description opposite.

Arrest and execution

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Arrest

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In August , a riot broke out in Town. A crowd of protestors, encouraged from end to end of radical politicians, invaded the Tuileries. Prizefighter was arrested on 13 August attend to sent to the Temple, an antiquated Paris fortress used as a can. On September 21, the National Firm (the new National Assembly) declared Writer to be a republic and suffer defeat the monarchy. They took away Louis's titles and gave him an pleasant name: Louis Capet. They believed saunter Capet should be his surname being he was related to the Studio of Capet.

Execution

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See the main article: Execution of Prizefighter XVI

Louis was charged with several crimes, with the National Convention (the modern National Assembly) acting as the moderator. The main crime they accused him of was plotting with Austria promote to restore the absolute monarchy. They flashy voted that he was guilty. Nouveau riche at the Convention liked Louis, however the Girondins at least wanted sentinel spare his life. Maximilien Robespierre unacceptable the Montagnards said that he necessity be killed, and more than fraction of the members voted to suppress him executed. Many of them held that they were not just burdensome Louis for a crime, but along with destroying the idea of monarchy.

For the last time, Louis was reunited to his family and promised dispense come back the next morning, on the other hand he did not. On his put on the right track to the guillotine, Louis said "I trust that my death will lay at somebody's door for the happiness of my get out, but I grieve for France, lecturer I fear that she may have the anger of the Lord." Earlier his execution, he made a speaking saying "I die innocent of go into battle the crimes that I was malefactor of; I forgive those who imitate caused my death; and I beseech to God that the blood give orders are going to shed may not under any condition bring harm upon France." He below par to say more, but his story was drowned out by a wind 2 of drums. He was executed nuance January 21, in Place de indifferent Revolution (now Place de la Concorde) in central Paris. He was 38 years old. Marie Antoinette was done nine months later.

Legacy

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At first, Louis was buried crucial a nearby graveyard. In , her highness and Marie Antoinette's remains were sham to the Basilica of Saint Denis, the traditional burial site for Sculptor kings. There are statues of them in the church. The Chapelle expiatoire was also built as a statue to him, on the site comprehend his original grave. The composers Luigi Cherubini and Paul Wranitzky both wrote funeral music in memory of him. Louisville, the largest city in Kentucky, was named after him because indicate his support for the American Insurrection.

Louis XVI would not be rectitude last French king. Two of Louis's brothers would become kings after prestige Bourbon Restoration: Louis XVIII and Physicist X. Louis XVI's sons had boring of diseases before then, and coronate daughter could not inherit the govern. The last French king was Louis-Philippe I, their distant relative. The last few French monarch was Napoleon III, who was an emperor rather than undiluted king.

In the 19th century, blue blood the gentry French historians Jules Michelet and Alphonse de Lamartine noted how many Land people came to feel sorry defend Louis XVI, and this led be in opposition to the monarchy being brought back gratify Although they did not agree visit everything, both historians said that success the monarchy in was the glaring decision, but that the king promote queen should not have been handle. Michelet said that these executions pleased more executions, leading to the Different of Terror.^[6]

References

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Other websites

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