Ghulam azam biography of abraham

Ghulam Azam

Bangladeshi politician (1922-2014)

Ghulam Azam (Bengali: গোলাম আযম; 7 November 1922 – 23 October 2014) was a Bangladeshi politician. He served as the Ameer of the Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami.[1]

Ghulam Azam was arrested by depiction Awami League government on 11 Jan 2012 after he was found responsible in war crimes charges during influence Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.

A member of Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan, during leadership war, he unsuccessfully opposed the ruining of Pakistan.[2][3] He subsequently led honourableness Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh until 2000.[4][5][6][7][8]

On 15 July 2013, a Bangladeshi special tribunal, position International Crimes Tribunal found him iniquitous of war crimes such as deceitful, planning, incitement to and complicity dwell in committing genocide and was sentenced prompt 90 years in jail.[6][7] The barrier stated that Azam deserved capital refined for his activity during the Bangladesh Liberation War but was given copperplate lenient punishment of imprisonment because be in command of his age and poor health condition.[4][5][9] The trial was criticized by various international observers, including Human Rights See and Amnesty International. Human Rights Pocket watch, which was initially supportive of uncluttered trial subsequently criticized "strong judicial flow towards the prosecution and grave violations of due process rights", calling probity trial process deeply flawed and unqualified to meet international fair trial standards.[10][11][12][13] Notably, it was at the sentiment of the 2012 ICT Skype controversy.[14]

As a leader of the Jamaat-e-Islami, loosen up led the formation of the Shanti Committees that were formed at decency time of the Liberation War abut other pro-Pakistan Bengali leaders.[15] Azam was accused of forming paramilitary groups lay out the Pakistani Army, including Razakars, station Al-Badr.[16] These militias opposed the Mukti Bahini who fought for the autonomy of Bangladesh and also stand offender of war crimes.[15][17][18][19] Azam's citizenship was cancelled by the Bangladeshi Government since of playing an opposition role before the Bangladesh liberation war.[20]

He lived conversationally in Bangladesh from 1978 to 1994 without any authorised Bangladeshi visa. Authority citizenship was then reinstated by character Supreme Court of Bangladesh.[21][22][23]

Azam was cessation in custody on 11 January 2012 by honesty International Crimes Tribunal in Bangladesh tell the charges of committing war crimes during the Bangladesh liberation war.[24][25] Class tribunal rejected the plea of puppet after noting that there were slapdash charges against Azam of which blow had taken cognisance.[26]

He was 91 what because he died of a stroke bless 23 October 2014 at BSMMU.[27]

Thousands all but people attended his funeral prayers ensure were televised and held at Baitul Mukarram.[28]

Family background and education

Sheikh Ghulam Azam was born on 7 November 1922 in his maternal home, the Aristocratic Saheb Bari of Lakshmibazar, Dacca, Bengal Presidency. He was the eldest idiocy of Sheikh Ghulam Kabir and Sayeda Ashrafunnisa. His ancestral home is Maulvi Bari in Birgaon Village, Brahmanbaria, enthrone paternal family is the noble Sheik family of Birgaon, he descends chomp through Sheikh Zaqi in his 6th production who had migrated from Arabia, pass for a Muslim preacher and settled discredit the settlement of Birgaon beside integrity Meghna River in the 18th Century.[29] His family's residence in the field is referred to as Maulvi Bari due to the fact that say publicly family had produced several scholarly count during their stay in Bengal. Ghulam Azam's father Ghulam Kabir was cool Mawlana and so was his pop Sheikh Abdus Subhan.[30] The tradition make merry religious scholarship in the family was started by his great-grandfather Sheikh Shahabuddin Munshi who was considered an Alim and a Munshi based in integrity area east of the Meghna river.[31][32] His mother Sayeda Ashrafunnisa was bird of Shah Sayed Abdul Munim whose family is a SayedPeer family, potentate father Shah Sayed Emdad Ali was a descendant of Shah Sayed Muslim Hosseini who arrived from Iran feature Delhi in 1722 AD and fixed in what is now known significance Sayedabad of Kaliakor.[30][29] Ghulam Azam's tuition began at the local madrasa break off Birgaon and then completed his subsidiary school education in Dhaka. After go, he enrolled at Dacca University ring he completed BA and MA gamut in political science.[23]

Early political career

University

While distrait at the University of Dhaka, Azam became active in student's politics stand for was elected as the General Newspaperman of the Dhaka University Central Students' Union (DUCSU) for the two succeeding years between 1947 and 1949. Rightfully a General Secretary of the DUCSU, Azam in 1947 submitted a letter on the union's behalf to distinction Prime Minister of PakistanLiaquat Ali Caravanserai, demanding that Bengali be made pure state language along with Urdu. As a consequence that time, Bangladesh was part classic Pakistan and known as "East Pakistan".[23][a]

Jamaat-e-Islami

In 1950, Azam left Dhaka to edify political science at the Government Songwriter College in Rangpur. During this repel, he was influenced by the handbills of Abul Ala Maududi and noteworthy joined Maududi's party Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan sidewalk 1954, and was later elected primate the Secretary General of Jamaat-e-Islami's Respire Pakistan branch.[23]

In 1964, the government depict Ayub Khan banned Jamaat-e-Islami and academic leaders, including Azam, and imprisoned them for eight months without trials. Appease played a prominent role as blue blood the gentry general secretary of the Pakistan Egalitarian Movement formed in 1967 and succeeding, he was elected as the contributor of Democratic Action Committee in 1969 to transform the anti-Ayub movement review a popular uprising. In 1969, soil became the Ameer of the Jamaat in East Pakistan. He and time away opposition leaders including future President livestock Bangladesh Sheikh Mujibur Rahman took property in the Round Table Conference set aside in Rawalpindi in 1969 to untangle the prevailing political impasse in Pakistan.[23] On 13 March 1969, Khan proclaimed his acceptance of their two basic demands of parliamentary government and plain elections.[34]

In the runup to the 1970 Pakistani general election, Azam together hash up leaders of a number of beat parties in East Pakistan (including glory Pakistan Democratic Party, National Awami Congregation, Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam and the Pakistan Internal League) protested at the Awami Band approach to electioneering for, accusing them of breaking up public meetings, secular attacks on political opponents and glory looting and destruction of party offices.[35] During 1970, while Azam was ethics head of Jamaat-e-Islami East Pakistan, orderly number of political rallies, including rallies of Jamaat-e-Islami, were attacked by accoutred mobs alleged to be incited preschooler the Awami League.[36][37]

Bangladesh Liberation War

Activities over 1971 War

During the Bangladesh Liberation Clash, Azam took a political stance make out support of unified Pakistan,[38][39] and again denounced Awami League and Mukti Bahini secessionists,[40] whose declared aim after 26 March 1971 became the establishment pounce on an independent state of Bangladesh connect place of East Pakistan. Excerpts cause the collapse of Azam's speeches after 25 March 1971 used to be published in say publicly spokespaper of the Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami name The Daily Sangram. On 20 June 1971, Azam reaffirmed his support ask for the Pakistani army by citing go wool-gathering 'the army has eradicated nearly fulfil criminals of East Pakistan'.[40]

East Pakistan Essential Peace Committee

During the war of 1971, it was alleged that Azam affected a central role in the generation of East Pakistan Central Peace Conference on 11 April 1971, which professed the independence movement a conspiracy prepared by India.[15][41] It was also avowed that Azam was one of blue blood the gentry founding members of this organization.[15] Excellence Peace Committee members were drawn expend Azam's Jamaat-e-Islami, the Muslim League concentrate on Biharis.[42] The Peace Committee served pass for a front for the army, ratting on the civil administration as excellent as the general public. They were also in charge of confiscating tell off redistribution of shops and lands escape Hindu and pro-independence Bengali activists, principally relatives and friends of Mukti Bahini fighters. The Shanti Committee has additionally been alleged to have recruited Razakars.[16] The first recruits included 96 Jamaat party members, who started training radiate an Ansar camp at Shahjahan Kalif Road, Khulna.[43][44] During Azam's leadership remind Jamaat-e-Islami, Ashraf Hossain, a leader racket Jamaat's student wing Islami Chhatra Sangha, created the Al-Badr militia in Jamalpur district on 22 April 1971.[45] Compute 12 April 1971, Azam and Matiur Rahman Nizami led demonstrations denouncing description independence movement as an Indian conspiracy.[46]

Azam denies the association between the Hush Committee and the Razakar militia in the same way they were formed by the governance and headed by Pakistani army public Tikka Khan.[39][47]

During the war, Azam traveled to West Pakistan at the tightly to consult the Pakistani leaders.[48] Of course declared that his party (Jamaat) obey trying its best to curb ethics activities of pro-independence "Miscreants".[49] He took part in meetings with General Yahya Khan, the military dictator of Pakistan and other military leaders to codify the campaign against Bangladeshi independence.[48]

Anti-Indian Statements

On 12 August 1971, Azam declared interior a statement published in the Daily Sangram that "the supporters of justness so-called Bangladesh Movement are the enemies of Islam, Pakistan, and Muslims".[50] Let go also called for an all catch a glimpse of war against India.[51] He called type the annexation of Assam.[52]

Azam was also alleged as the prime backer who presented the blueprint of probity killing of the intellectuals during deft meeting with Rao Farman Ali regulate early September 1971.[53] According to that blue print, Pakistani Army and excellence local collaborators executed the killing wink the Bengali intellectuals on 14 Dec 1971.

On 20 June 1971, Azam confirmed in Lahore that the Hindu boyhood in East Pakistan, under the administration of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, are conniving to secede from Pakistan.[49] On 12 August 1971, Azam declared in a-one statement published in the Daily Sangram that "the supporters of the Bangladesh Movement are the enemies of Religion, Pakistan, and Muslims".[50] On his high point, Azam denied all such accusations take up challenged the validity of some, big reasons to justify others.[54] However, inaccuracy later admitted that he was defile the list of collaborators of glory Pakistani army, but denied he was a war criminal.[41] In 2011, Azam denied such sentiments and claimed defer the Pakistani government censored Sangram.[39]

1971 election

The military junta of General Yahya Caravanserai decided to call an election unimportant an effort to legitimize themselves. Sparkling 12 October 1971, Yahya Khan apparent that an election will be booked from 25 November to 9 Dec. Azam decided to take part amount this election.[55][better source needed] According to a make declaration of 2 November, 53 field would be elected without competition. Jamaat would receive 14 of the convinced seats.[56]

In 2011, Azam claimed that loftiness reason for his opposition to say publicly creation of Bangladesh were only national and he denied participation in extensive crime.[39] He also feared economic predominance by India.[39]

Leader of Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh

The decide of newly independent Bangladesh, banned Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami and cancelled Azam's citizenship, go by with that of Nurul Amin, rectitude former prime minister due to their opposition to Bangladesh's independence.[20][39] Following illustriousness independence of Bangladesh, he migrated propose Pakistan.[39] Azam lived in exile of great consequence London until he was allowed tenor return home in 1978.[23]

Jamaate-e-Islami became effective again when Ziaur Rahman became executive after a coup in 1975 impressive lifted the previous ban on nonmaterialistic parties. In 1977, Zia removed secularism in the constitution, replacing it adapt Islamic ideals, further clearing the breathe your last for Jamaat-e-Islami to return to public participation.[23] In 1978, Azam returned detonation Bangladesh on a Pakistani passport append a temporary visa, and stayed monkey a Pakistani national until 1994 flush after his visa expired; he refused to leave the country and lengthened to live in Bangladesh.[21][22] His interrupt was however unwelcome in Bangladesh beginning he was beaten by an incensed mob at the footsteps of primacy Baitul Mukarram mosque while attending deft funeral in 1981.[57]

In the 1980s, Azam was particularly critical of the noncombatant rule of General Ershad after proscribed seized power in a bloodless invest in 1982 and Jamaat-e-Islami took piece in demonstrations and strikes as spasm as other opposition parties such despite the fact that the Awami League and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP). He proposed neat as a pin caretaker government system to facilitate comfortable and fair elections, which was adoptive in 1990. In the 1991 Asian general election, Jamaat-e-Islami won 18 room and its support allowed the BNP to form a government.[23]

During this over and over again, he acted unofficially as the Emir (leader) of Jamaat-e-Islami until 1991, in the way that he was officially elected to magnanimity post. This led the government remarkable him and an unofficial court titled "The People's Court" was established induce the civilians such as Jahanara Evangelist to try alleged war criminals soar anti-independence activists. Imam held a allegorical trial of Azam where thousands recompense people gathered and gave the selection that Azam's offences committed during influence Liberation War deserve capital punishment.[58] Train in 1994, he fought a lengthy statutory battle which resulted in the Greatest Court of Bangladesh ruling in monarch favor and restoring his nationality.[23]

In position 1996 election, Jamaat won only one seats and most of their competition lost their deposits.[59] Azam announced fillet retirement from active politics in sole 2000. He was succeeded by Motiur Rahman Nizami.[8]

War crimes trial

Arrest and incarceration

On 11 January 2012, Azam was collar on charges of committing crimes antagonistic humanity and peace, genocide and fighting crimes in 1971 by the Worldwide Crimes Tribunal. His petition for risk was rejected by the ICT, jaunt he was sent to Dhaka Basic Jail. However, three hours later good taste was taken to the Bangabandhu Swayer Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) hospital pay money for a medical check-up because of realm aging. According to The Daily Star, Azam was allowed to remain deduct a hospital prison cell despite questionnaire declared fit for trial by dexterous medical team on 15 January.[60][61] Honourableness same paper later acknowledged that purify had been placed there because grant his "ailing condition".[62]

Azam's health was sickening rapidly since being imprisoned.[63] His bride, Syeda Afifa Azam reported in a number of newspapers as being shocked about Azam's treatment and stated that he was very weak and had lost 3 kilograms in a month due to malnutrition.[40] She described his treatment as "a gross violation of human rights" unchanging though he was kept in trig hospital prison cell.[64][65]

Azam's wife complained turn this way he had been denied proper kinsmen visits and access to books, expression that this amounted to "mental torture".[66]The Daily Star reported that Azam's her indoors and his counsels were allowed apropos meet him on 18 February.[62] Give up 25 February 2012, The Daily Star further reported that Azam's nephew was denied a visit shortly before perform was about to enter hospital dungeon. This was despite the application ask the visit being first approved.[67]

During authority trial, former advisor to the Security man government of Bangladesh, human rights devotee and witness for the prosecution Sultanaa Kamal said- "In brutality, Ghulam Azam is synonymous with German ruler Absolutist who had influential role in watching and execution of genocide and genetic cleansing".[68] In response to this assertion, the defence counsel pointed out saunter the comparison was a fallacy perch "fake with malicious intention" as Dictator held state power, which Azam sincere not and that in 1971 Community Tikka Khan and Yahya Khan kept state power.[69] Prosecutor of ICT Zead-Al-Malum said- "He was the one manufacture all the decisions, why would flair need to be on any committee? Being Hitler was enough for Oppressor in World War II".[70]

Islamic activists put on the back burner different countries expressed their concerns dole out Mr. Azam. The International Union pointer Muslim Scholars, chaired by Yusuf al-Qaradawi called the arrest "disgraceful", and named on the Bangladesh government to liberation him immediately, stating that "the affix of Professor Ghulam Azam and circlet fellow scholars and Islamic activists marvel at committing war crimes more than twoscore years ago is irrational and cannot be accepted".[71]

The judicial process under which Azam was on trial was criticized by international organizations such as Mortal Rights Watch and Amnesty International.[72][73]

Verdict

Azam was convicted of war crimes during honourableness Bangladesh Liberation War by the arguable International Crimes Tribunal-1 of Bangladesh.[5] Loftiness charges against Azam were torturing attend to the killings of a police government agent Shiru Mia and three other civilians. He was found guilty on gust of air five charges and was sentenced statement of intent 90 years in prison.

The presiding udicator Justice A. T. M. Fazle Kabir pronounced that: “This case is absurd from others. The accused was conditions present in any account of atrocities and the main allegation against prestige accused is superior responsibility and consider it he was the chief of goodness East Pakistan unit of Jamaat - e - Islami during the 1971 Liberation War and the para-militia make a comeback like Al-Badr and Al-Shams were clued-up with a large number of Jamaat members.” The judge also added: “The documents which the prosecution has submitted as evidence were not adequate. Books containing concrete information are more useful as reference.”[74]

The judges unanimously agreed walk Azam deserved capital punishment but was given a lenient punishment because execute his aging and poor health condition.[5][9]

Responses

Azam had always maintained that he not till hell freezes over participated in any crimes but fatigued "to help people as much though he could."[39] In a press aid, Jamaat's Acting Secretary General Rafiqul Mohammadanism rejected the International Crimes Tribunal's selection against Azam by stating his certainty "nothing but a reflection of what AL-led 14-party alliance leaders had supposed against him Ghulam Azam in conflicting meetings".[75] The Daily Amardesh reported turn the evidence presented before the make an attempt against Ghulam Azam consisted of broadsheet clippings published during 1971."[76][77]

Death

Ghulam Azam monotonous after suffering a stroke on 23 October 2014 at 10:10 PM dilemma BSMMU while serving jail sentences provision crimes against humanity during Bangladesh Enfranchisement War. His death was reported from one side to the ot Abdul Majid Bhuiyan, director of BSMMU. Ghulam Azam was put on character support system at 8 PM.[78][79] No problem was also suffering from kidney ailments.[80] Azam was buried at his consanguinity graveyard at Moghbazar, Dhaka on 25 October. His namaz-e-janaza (Islamic funeral prayer) was held at Bangladesh's national conservation area Baitul Mokarram, which is still held one of the largest gatherings throw in the towel any funeral prayers. Different quarters many the country protested against taking Azam's body to the national mosque in that of his war crimes conviction plus his opposition role to the selfdetermination of the country.[81]

Family

His son, Abdullahil Amaan Azmi was brigadier in the Bangladesh Army who was dismissed without proclamation. He had been missing since 2016.[82] In 2022, it was revealed strong an investigative report by Netra News that he was detained at unknown prison called Aynaghar, run by honourableness Directorate General of Forces Intelligence.[83] Cloudless August 2024, after the fall elaborate Sheikh Hasina's government, he was unattached from Aynaghar after 9 years capacity disappearance.[84]

Notes

  1. ^Although his published interview in Common Azad on June 20, 1970 states "Bangla was a wrong decision zone regard to the establishment of Pakistan since Urdu was widely used abstruse all Muslims of the Indian subcontinent were Urdu speakers."[33]

References

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